21. Internet Protocols and Support

The modules described in this chapter implement Internet protocols and support for related technology. They are all implemented in Python. Most of these modules require the presence of the system-dependent module socket, which is currently supported on most popular platforms. Here is an overview:

• 21.1. webbrowser Convenient Web-browser controller
  • 21.1.1. Browser Controller Objects
• 21.2. cgi Common Gateway Interface support
  • 21.2.1. Introduction
  • 21.2.2. Using the cgi module
  • 21.2.3. Higher Level Interface
  • 21.2.4. Functions
  • 21.2.5. Caring about security
  • 21.2.6. Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
  • 21.2.7. Testing your CGI script
  • 21.2.8. Debugging CGI scripts
  • 21.2.9. Common problems and solutions
• 21.3. cgitb Traceback manager for CGI scripts
• 21.4. wsgiref WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 21.4.1. wsgiref.util WSGI environment utilities
  • 21.4.2. wsgiref.headers WSGI response header tools
  • 21.4.3. wsgiref.simple_server a simple WSGI HTTP server
  • 21.4.4. wsgiref.validate WSGI conformance checker
  • 21.4.5. wsgiref.handlers server/gateway base classes
  • 21.4.6. Examples
• 21.5. urllib URL handling modules
• 21.6. urllib.request Extensible library for opening URLs
  • 21.6.1. Request Objects
  • 21.6.2. OpenerDirector Objects
  • 21.6.3. BaseHandler Objects
  • 21.6.4. HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
  • 21.6.5. HTTPCookieProcessor Objects
  • 21.6.6. ProxyHandler Objects
  • 21.6.7. HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
  • 21.6.8. HTTPPasswordMgrWithPriorAuth Objects
  • 21.6.9. AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.10. HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.11. ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.12. AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.13. HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.14. ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
  • 21.6.15. HTTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.16. HTTPSHandler Objects
  • 21.6.17. FileHandler Objects
  • 21.6.18. DataHandler Objects
  • 21.6.19. FTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.20. CacheFTPHandler Objects
  • 21.6.21. UnknownHandler Objects
  • 21.6.22. HTTPErrorProcessor Objects
  • 21.6.23. Examples
  • 21.6.24. Legacy interface
  • 21.6.25. urllib.request Restrictions
• 21.7. urllib.response Response classes used by urllib
• 21.8. urllib.parse Parse URLs into components
  • 21.8.1. URL Parsing
  • 21.8.2. Parsing ASCII Encoded Bytes
  • 21.8.3. Structured Parse Results
  • 21.8.4. URL Quoting
• 21.9. urllib.error Exception classes raised by urllib.request
• 21.10. urllib.robotparser Parser for robots.txt
• 21.11. http HTTP modules
  • 21.11.1. HTTP status codes
• 21.12. http.client HTTP protocol client
  • 21.12.1. HTTPConnection Objects
  • 21.12.2. HTTPResponse Objects
  • 21.12.3. Examples
  • 21.12.4. HTTPMessage Objects
• 21.13. ftplib FTP protocol client
  • 21.13.1. FTP Objects
  • 21.13.2. FTP_TLS Objects
• 21.14. poplib POP3 protocol client
  • 21.14.1. POP3 Objects
  • 21.14.2. POP3 Example
• 21.15. imaplib IMAP4 protocol client
  • 21.15.1. IMAP4 Objects
  • 21.15.2. IMAP4 Example
• 21.16. nntplib NNTP protocol client
  • 21.16.1. NNTP Objects
    • 21.16.1.1. Attributes
    • 21.16.1.2. Methods
  • 21.16.2. Utility functions
• 21.17. smtplib SMTP protocol client
  • 21.17.1. SMTP Objects
  • 21.17.2. SMTP Example
• 21.18. smtpd SMTP Server
  • 21.18.1. SMTPServer Objects
  • 21.18.2. DebuggingServer Objects
  • 21.18.3. PureProxy Objects
  • 21.18.4. MailmanProxy Objects
  • 21.18.5. SMTPChannel Objects
• 21.19. telnetlib Telnet client
  • 21.19.1. Telnet Objects
  • 21.19.2. Telnet Example
• 21.20. uuid UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 21.20.1. Example
• 21.21. socketserver A framework for network servers
  • 21.21.1. Server Creation Notes
  • 21.21.2. Server Objects
  • 21.21.3. Request Handler Objects
  • 21.21.4. Examples
    • 21.21.4.1. socketserver.TCPServer Example
    • 21.21.4.2. socketserver.UDPServer Example
    • 21.21.4.3. Asynchronous Mixins
• 21.22. http.server HTTP servers
• 21.23. http.cookies HTTP state management
  • 21.23.1. Cookie Objects
  • 21.23.2. Morsel Objects
  • 21.23.3. Example
• 21.24. http.cookiejar Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 21.24.1. CookieJar and FileCookieJar Objects
  • 21.24.2. FileCookieJar subclasses and co-operation with web browsers
  • 21.24.3. CookiePolicy Objects
  • 21.24.4. DefaultCookiePolicy Objects
  • 21.24.5. Cookie Objects
  • 21.24.6. Examples
• 21.25. xmlrpc XMLRPC server and client modules
• 21.26. xmlrpc.client XML-RPC client access
  • 21.26.1. ServerProxy Objects
  • 21.26.2. DateTime Objects
  • 21.26.3. Binary Objects
  • 21.26.4. Fault Objects
  • 21.26.5. ProtocolError Objects
  • 21.26.6. MultiCall Objects
  • 21.26.7. Convenience Functions
  • 21.26.8. Example of Client Usage
  • 21.26.9. Example of Client and Server Usage
• 21.27. xmlrpc.server Basic XML-RPC servers
  • 21.27.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
    • 21.27.1.1. SimpleXMLRPCServer Example
  • 21.27.2. CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
  • 21.27.3. Documenting XMLRPC server
  • 21.27.4. DocXMLRPCServer Objects
  • 21.27.5. DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler
• 21.28. ipaddress IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
  • 21.28.1. Convenience factory functions
  • 21.28.2. IP Addresses
    • 21.28.2.1. Address objects
    • 21.28.2.2. Conversion to Strings and Integers
    • 21.28.2.3. Operators
      • 21.28.2.3.1. Comparison operators
      • 21.28.2.3.2. Arithmetic operators
  • 21.28.3. IP Network definitions
    • 21.28.3.1. Prefix, net mask and host mask
    • 21.28.3.2. Network objects
    • 21.28.3.3. Operators
      • 21.28.3.3.1. Logical operators
      • 21.28.3.3.2. Iteration
      • 21.28.3.3.3. Networks as containers of addresses
  • 21.28.4. Interface objects
    • 21.28.4.1. Operators
      • 21.28.4.1.1. Logical operators
  • 21.28.5. Other Module Level Functions
  • 21.28.6. Custom Exceptions