### Introduction

This second programming assignment will require you to write an R
function is able to cache potentially time-consuming computations. For
example, taking the mean of a numeric vector is typically a fast
operation. However, for a very long vector, it may take too long to
compute the mean, especially if it has to be computed repeatedly (e.g.
in a loop). If the contents of a vector are not changing, it may make
sense to cache the value of the mean so that when we need it again, it
can be looked up in the cache rather than recomputed. In this
Programming Assignment will take advantage of the scoping rules of the R
language and how they can be manipulated to preserve state inside of an
R object.

### Example: Caching the Mean of a Vector

In this example we introduce the `