#!/usr/bin/python2
#
# Copyright (c) 2009 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
# met:
#
# * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
# copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
# in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
# distribution.
# * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
# contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
# this software without specific prior written permission.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
# "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
# OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
# SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
# LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
# DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
# THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
# OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
"""Does google-lint on c++ files.
The goal of this script is to identify places in the code that *may*
be in non-compliance with google style. It does not attempt to fix
up these problems -- the point is to educate. It does also not
attempt to find all problems, or to ensure that everything it does
find is legitimately a problem.
In particular, we can get very confused by /* and // inside strings!
We do a small hack, which is to ignore //'s with "'s after them on the
same line, but it is far from perfect (in either direction).
"""
import codecs
import copy
import getopt
import math # for log
import os
import re
import sre_compile
import string
import sys
import unicodedata
_USAGE = """
Syntax: cpp_lint.py [--verbose=#] [--output=vs7] [--filter=-x,+y,...]
[--counting=total|toplevel|detailed] [--root=subdir]
[--linelength=digits]
[file] ...
The style guidelines this tries to follow are those in
http://google-styleguide.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/cppguide.xml
Every problem is given a confidence score from 1-5, with 5 meaning we are
certain of the problem, and 1 meaning it could be a legitimate construct.
This will miss some errors, and is not a substitute for a code review.
To suppress false-positive errors of a certain category, add a
'NOLINT(category)' comment to the line. NOLINT or NOLINT(*)
suppresses errors of all categories on that line.
The files passed in will be linted; at least one file must be provided.
Default linted extensions are .cc, .cpp, .cu, .cuh and .h. Change the
extensions with the --extensions flag.
Flags:
output=vs7
By default, the output is formatted to ease emacs parsing. Visual Studio
compatible output (vs7) may also be used. Other formats are unsupported.
verbose=#
Specify a number 0-5 to restrict errors to certain verbosity levels.
filter=-x,+y,...
Specify a comma-separated list of category-filters to apply: only
error messages whose category names pass the filters will be printed.
(Category names are printed with the message and look like
"[whitespace/indent]".) Filters are evaluated left to right.
"-FOO" and "FOO" means "do not print categories that start with FOO".
"+FOO" means "do print categories that start with FOO".
Examples: --filter=-whitespace,+whitespace/braces
--filter=whitespace,runtime/printf,+runtime/printf_format
--filter=-,+build/include_what_you_use
To see a list of all the categories used in cpplint, pass no arg:
--filter=
counting=total|toplevel|detailed
The total number of errors found is always printed. If
'toplevel' is provided, then the count of errors in each of
the top-level categories like 'build' and 'whitespace' will
also be printed. If 'detailed' is provided, then a count
is provided for each category like 'build/class'.
root=subdir
The root directory used for deriving header guard CPP variable.
By default, the header guard CPP variable is calculated as the relative
path to the directory that contains .git, .hg, or .svn. When this flag
is specified, the relative path is calculated from the specified
directory. If the specified directory does not exist, this flag is
ignored.
Examples:
Assuing that src/.git exists, the header guard CPP variables for
src/chrome/browser/ui/browser.h are:
No flag => CHROME_BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
--root=chrome => BROWSER_UI_BROWSER_H_
--root=chrome/browser => UI_BROWSER_H_
linelength=digits
This is the allowed line length for the project. The default value is
80 characters.
Examples:
--linelength=120
extensions=extension,extension,...
The allowed file extensions that cpplint will check
Examples:
--extensions=hpp,cpp
"""
# We categorize each error message we print. Here are the categories.
# We want an explicit list so we can list them all in cpplint --filter=.
# If you add a new error message with a new category, add it to the list
# here! cpplint_unittest.py should tell you if you forget to do this.
_ERROR_CATEGORIES = [
'build/class',
'build/deprecated',
'build/endif_comment',
'build/explicit_make_pair',
'build/forward_decl',
'build/header_guard',
'build/include',
'build/include_alpha',
'build/include_dir',
'build/include_order',
'build/include_what_you_use',
'build/namespaces',
'build/printf_format',
'build/storage_class',
'caffe/alt_fn',
'caffe/data_layer_setup',
'caffe/random_fn',
'legal/copyright',
'readability/alt_tokens',
'readability/braces',
'readability/casting',
'readability/check',
'readability/constructors',
'readability/fn_size',
'readability/function',
'readability/multiline_comment',
'readability/multiline_string',
'readability/namespace',
'readability/nolint',
'readability/nul',
'readability/streams',
'readability/todo',
'readability/utf8',
'runtime/arrays',
'runtime/casting',
'runtime/explicit',
'runtime/int',
'runtime/init',
'runtime/invalid_increment',
'runtime/member_string_references',
'runtime/memset',
'runtime/operator',
'runtime/printf',
'runtime/printf_format',
'runtime/references',
'runtime/string',
'runtime/threadsafe_fn',
'runtime/vlog',
'whitespace/blank_line',
'whitespace/braces',
'whitespace/comma',
'whitespace/comments',
'whitespace/empty_conditional_body',
'whitespace/empty_loop_body',
'whitespace/end_of_line',
'whitespace/ending_newline',
'whitespace/forcolon',
'whitespace/indent',
'whitespace/line_length',
'whitespace/newline',
'whitespace/operators',
'whitespace/parens',
'whitespace/semicolon',
'whitespace/tab',
'whitespace/todo'
]
# The default state of the category filter. This is overrided by the --filter=
# flag. By default all errors are on, so only add here categories that should be
# off by default (i.e., categories that must be enabled by the --filter= flags).
# All entries here should start with a '-' or '+', as in the --filter= flag.
_DEFAULT_FILTERS = [
'-build/include_dir',
'-readability/todo',
]
# We used to check for high-bit characters, but after much discussion we
# decided those were OK, as long as they were in UTF-8 and didn't represent
# hard-coded international strings, which belong in a separate i18n file.
# C++ headers
_CPP_HEADERS = frozenset([
# Legacy
'algobase.h',
'algo.h',
'alloc.h',
'builtinbuf.h',
'bvector.h',
'complex.h',
'defalloc.h',
'deque.h',
'editbuf.h',
'fstream.h',
'function.h',
'hash_map',
'hash_map.h',
'hash_set',
'hash_set.h',
'hashtable.h',
'heap.h',
'indstream.h',
'iomanip.h',
'iostream.h',
'istream.h',
'iterator.h',
'list.h',
'map.h',
'multimap.h',
'multiset.h',
'ostream.h',
'pair.h',
'parsestream.h',
'pfstream.h',
'procbuf.h',
'pthread_alloc',
'pthread_alloc.h',
'rope',
'rope.h',
'ropeimpl.h',
'set.h',
'slist',
'slist.h',
'stack.h',
'stdiostream.h',
'stl_alloc.h',
'stl_relops.h',
'streambuf.h',
'stream.h',
'strfile.h',
'strstream.h',
'tempbuf.h',
'tree.h',
'type_traits.h',
'vector.h',
# 17.6.1.2 C++ library headers
'algorithm',
'array',
'atomic',
'bitset',
'chrono',
'codecvt',
'complex',
'condition_variable',
'deque',
'exception',
'forward_list',
'fstream',
'functional',
'future',
'initializer_list',
'iomanip',
'ios',
'iosfwd',
'iostream',
'istream',
'iterator',
'limits',
'list',
'locale',
'map',
'memory',
'mutex',
'new',
'numeric',
'ostream',
'queue',
'random',
'ratio',
'regex',
'set',
'sstream',
'stack',
'stdexcept',
'streambuf',
'string',
'strstream',
'system_error',
'thread',
'tuple',
'typeindex',
'typeinfo',
'type_traits',
'unordered_map',
'unordered_set',
'utility',
'valarray',
'vector',
# 17.6.1.2 C++ headers for C library facilities
'cassert',
'ccomplex',
'cctype',
'cerrno',
'cfenv',
'cfloat',
'cinttypes',
'ciso646',
'climits',
'clocale',
'cmath',
'csetjmp',
'csignal',
'cstdalign',
'cstdarg',
'cstdbool',
'cstddef',
'cstdint',
'cstdio',
'cstdlib',
'cstring',
'ctgmath',
'ctime',
'cuchar',
'cwchar',
'cwctype',
])
# Assertion macros. These are defined in base/logging.h and
# testing/base/gunit.h. Note that the _M versions need to come first
# for substring matching to work.
_CHECK_MACROS = [
'DCHECK', 'CHECK',
'EXPECT_TRUE_M', 'EXPECT_TRUE',
'ASSERT_TRUE_M', 'ASSERT_TRUE',
'EXPECT_FALSE_M', 'EXPECT_FALSE',
'ASSERT_FALSE_M', 'ASSERT_FALSE',
]
# Replacement macros for CHECK/DCHECK/EXPECT_TRUE/EXPECT_FALSE
_CHECK_REPLACEMENT = dict([(m, {}) for m in _CHECK_MACROS])
for op, replacement in [('==', 'EQ'), ('!=', 'NE'),
('>=', 'GE'), ('>', 'GT'),
('', 'LE'),
('= verbose, category passes filter and is not suppressed."""
# There are three ways we might decide not to print an error message:
# a "NOLINT(category)" comment appears in the source,
# the verbosity level isn't high enough, or the filters filter it out.
if IsErrorSuppressedByNolint(category, linenum):
return False
if confidence < _cpplint_state.verbose_level:
return False
is_filtered = False
for one_filter in _Filters():
if one_filter.startswith('-'):
if category.startswith(one_filter[1:]):
is_filtered = True
elif one_filter.startswith('+'):
if category.startswith(one_filter[1:]):
is_filtered = False
else:
assert False # should have been checked for in SetFilter.
if is_filtered:
return False
return True
def Error(filename, linenum, category, confidence, message):
"""Logs the fact we've found a lint error.
We log where the error was found, and also our confidence in the error,
that is, how certain we are this is a legitimate style regression, and
not a misidentification or a use that's sometimes justified.
False positives can be suppressed by the use of
"cpplint(category)" comments on the offending line. These are
parsed into _error_suppressions.
Args:
filename: The name of the file containing the error.
linenum: The number of the line containing the error.
category: A string used to describe the "category" this bug
falls under: "whitespace", say, or "runtime". Categories
may have a hierarchy separated by slashes: "whitespace/indent".
confidence: A number from 1-5 representing a confidence score for
the error, with 5 meaning that we are certain of the problem,
and 1 meaning that it could be a legitimate construct.
message: The error message.
"""
if _ShouldPrintError(category, confidence, linenum):
_cpplint_state.IncrementErrorCount(category)
if _cpplint_state.output_format == 'vs7':
sys.stderr.write('%s(%s): %s [%s] [%d]\n' % (
filename, linenum, message, category, confidence))
elif _cpplint_state.output_format == 'eclipse':
sys.stderr.write('%s:%s: warning: %s [%s] [%d]\n' % (
filename, linenum, message, category, confidence))
else:
sys.stderr.write('%s:%s: %s [%s] [%d]\n' % (
filename, linenum, message, category, confidence))
# Matches standard C++ escape sequences per 2.13.2.3 of the C++ standard.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_ESCAPES = re.compile(
r'\\([abfnrtv?"\\\']|\d+|x[0-9a-fA-F]+)')
# Matches strings. Escape codes should already be removed by ESCAPES.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_DOUBLE_QUOTES = re.compile(r'"[^"]*"')
# Matches characters. Escape codes should already be removed by ESCAPES.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_SINGLE_QUOTES = re.compile(r"'.'")
# Matches multi-line C++ comments.
# This RE is a little bit more complicated than one might expect, because we
# have to take care of space removals tools so we can handle comments inside
# statements better.
# The current rule is: We only clear spaces from both sides when we're at the
# end of the line. Otherwise, we try to remove spaces from the right side,
# if this doesn't work we try on left side but only if there's a non-character
# on the right.
_RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_C_COMMENTS = re.compile(
r"""(\s*/\*.*\*/\s*$|
/\*.*\*/\s+|
\s+/\*.*\*/(?=\W)|
/\*.*\*/)""", re.VERBOSE)
def IsCppString(line):
"""Does line terminate so, that the next symbol is in string constant.
This function does not consider single-line nor multi-line comments.
Args:
line: is a partial line of code starting from the 0..n.
Returns:
True, if next character appended to 'line' is inside a
string constant.
"""
line = line.replace(r'\\', 'XX') # after this, \\" does not match to \"
return ((line.count('"') - line.count(r'\"') - line.count("'\"'")) & 1) == 1
def CleanseRawStrings(raw_lines):
"""Removes C++11 raw strings from lines.
Before:
static const char kData[] = R"(
multi-line string
)";
After:
static const char kData[] = ""
(replaced by blank line)
"";
Args:
raw_lines: list of raw lines.
Returns:
list of lines with C++11 raw strings replaced by empty strings.
"""
delimiter = None
lines_without_raw_strings = []
for line in raw_lines:
if delimiter:
# Inside a raw string, look for the end
end = line.find(delimiter)
if end >= 0:
# Found the end of the string, match leading space for this
# line and resume copying the original lines, and also insert
# a "" on the last line.
leading_space = Match(r'^(\s*)\S', line)
line = leading_space.group(1) + '""' + line[end + len(delimiter):]
delimiter = None
else:
# Haven't found the end yet, append a blank line.
line = ''
else:
# Look for beginning of a raw string.
# See 2.14.15 [lex.string] for syntax.
matched = Match(r'^(.*)\b(?:R|u8R|uR|UR|LR)"([^\s\\()]*)\((.*)$', line)
if matched:
delimiter = ')' + matched.group(2) + '"'
end = matched.group(3).find(delimiter)
if end >= 0:
# Raw string ended on same line
line = (matched.group(1) + '""' +
matched.group(3)[end + len(delimiter):])
delimiter = None
else:
# Start of a multi-line raw string
line = matched.group(1) + '""'
lines_without_raw_strings.append(line)
# TODO(unknown): if delimiter is not None here, we might want to
# emit a warning for unterminated string.
return lines_without_raw_strings
def FindNextMultiLineCommentStart(lines, lineix):
"""Find the beginning marker for a multiline comment."""
while lineix < len(lines):
if lines[lineix].strip().startswith('/*'):
# Only return this marker if the comment goes beyond this line
if lines[lineix].strip().find('*/', 2) < 0:
return lineix
lineix += 1
return len(lines)
def FindNextMultiLineCommentEnd(lines, lineix):
"""We are inside a comment, find the end marker."""
while lineix < len(lines):
if lines[lineix].strip().endswith('*/'):
return lineix
lineix += 1
return len(lines)
def RemoveMultiLineCommentsFromRange(lines, begin, end):
"""Clears a range of lines for multi-line comments."""
# Having // dummy comments makes the lines non-empty, so we will not get
# unnecessary blank line warnings later in the code.
for i in range(begin, end):
lines[i] = '// dummy'
def RemoveMultiLineComments(filename, lines, error):
"""Removes multiline (c-style) comments from lines."""
lineix = 0
while lineix < len(lines):
lineix_begin = FindNextMultiLineCommentStart(lines, lineix)
if lineix_begin >= len(lines):
return
lineix_end = FindNextMultiLineCommentEnd(lines, lineix_begin)
if lineix_end >= len(lines):
error(filename, lineix_begin + 1, 'readability/multiline_comment', 5,
'Could not find end of multi-line comment')
return
RemoveMultiLineCommentsFromRange(lines, lineix_begin, lineix_end + 1)
lineix = lineix_end + 1
def CleanseComments(line):
"""Removes //-comments and single-line C-style /* */ comments.
Args:
line: A line of C++ source.
Returns:
The line with single-line comments removed.
"""
commentpos = line.find('//')
if commentpos != -1 and not IsCppString(line[:commentpos]):
line = line[:commentpos].rstrip()
# get rid of /* ... */
return _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_C_COMMENTS.sub('', line)
class CleansedLines(object):
"""Holds 3 copies of all lines with different preprocessing applied to them.
1) elided member contains lines without strings and comments,
2) lines member contains lines without comments, and
3) raw_lines member contains all the lines without processing.
All these three members are of , and of the same length.
"""
def __init__(self, lines):
self.elided = []
self.lines = []
self.raw_lines = lines
self.num_lines = len(lines)
self.lines_without_raw_strings = CleanseRawStrings(lines)
for linenum in range(len(self.lines_without_raw_strings)):
self.lines.append(CleanseComments(
self.lines_without_raw_strings[linenum]))
elided = self._CollapseStrings(self.lines_without_raw_strings[linenum])
self.elided.append(CleanseComments(elided))
def NumLines(self):
"""Returns the number of lines represented."""
return self.num_lines
@staticmethod
def _CollapseStrings(elided):
"""Collapses strings and chars on a line to simple "" or '' blocks.
We nix strings first so we're not fooled by text like '"http://"'
Args:
elided: The line being processed.
Returns:
The line with collapsed strings.
"""
if not _RE_PATTERN_INCLUDE.match(elided):
# Remove escaped characters first to make quote/single quote collapsing
# basic. Things that look like escaped characters shouldn't occur
# outside of strings and chars.
elided = _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_ESCAPES.sub('', elided)
elided = _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_SINGLE_QUOTES.sub("''", elided)
elided = _RE_PATTERN_CLEANSE_LINE_DOUBLE_QUOTES.sub('""', elided)
return elided
def FindEndOfExpressionInLine(line, startpos, depth, startchar, endchar):
"""Find the position just after the matching endchar.
Args:
line: a CleansedLines line.
startpos: start searching at this position.
depth: nesting level at startpos.
startchar: expression opening character.
endchar: expression closing character.
Returns:
On finding matching endchar: (index just after matching endchar, 0)
Otherwise: (-1, new depth at end of this line)
"""
for i in xrange(startpos, len(line)):
if line[i] == startchar:
depth += 1
elif line[i] == endchar:
depth -= 1
if depth == 0:
return (i + 1, 0)
return (-1, depth)
def CloseExpression(clean_lines, linenum, pos):
"""If input points to ( or { or [ or , finds the position that opens it.
If lines[linenum][pos] points to a ')' or '}' or ']' or '>', finds the
linenum/pos that correspond to the opening of the expression.
Args:
clean_lines: A CleansedLines instance containing the file.
linenum: The number of the line to check.
pos: A position on the line.
Returns:
A tuple (line, linenum, pos) pointer *at* the opening brace, or
(line, 0, -1) if we never find the matching opening brace. Note
we ignore strings and comments when matching; and the line we
return is the 'cleansed' line at linenum.
"""
line = clean_lines.elided[linenum]
endchar = line[pos]
if endchar not in ')}]>':
return (line, 0, -1)
if endchar == ')': startchar = '('
if endchar == ']': startchar = '['
if endchar == '}': startchar = '{'
if endchar == '>': startchar = ''
class_decl_match = Match(
r'\s*(template\s*\s*)?'
r'(class|struct)\s+([A-Z_]+\s+)*(\w+(?:::\w+)*)'
r'(([^=>]||)*)$', line)
if (class_decl_match and
(not self.stack or self.stack[-1].open_parentheses == 0)):
self.stack.append(_ClassInfo(
class_decl_match.group(4), class_decl_match.group(2),
clean_lines, linenum))
line = class_decl_match.group(5)
# If we have not yet seen the opening brace for the innermost block,
# run checks here.
if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
self.stack[-1].CheckBegin(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
# Update access control if we are inside a class/struct
if self.stack and isinstance(self.stack[-1], _ClassInfo):
classinfo = self.stack[-1]
access_match = Match(
r'^(.*)\b(public|private|protected|signals)(\s+(?:slots\s*)?)?'
r':(?:[^:]|$)',
line)
if access_match:
classinfo.access = access_match.group(2)
# Check that access keywords are indented +1 space. Skip this
# check if the keywords are not preceded by whitespaces.
indent = access_match.group(1)
if (len(indent) != classinfo.class_indent + 1 and
Match(r'^\s*$', indent)):
if classinfo.is_struct:
parent = 'struct ' + classinfo.name
else:
parent = 'class ' + classinfo.name
slots = ''
if access_match.group(3):
slots = access_match.group(3)
error(filename, linenum, 'whitespace/indent', 3,
'%s%s: should be indented +1 space inside %s' % (
access_match.group(2), slots, parent))
# Consume braces or semicolons from what's left of the line
while True:
# Match first brace, semicolon, or closed parenthesis.
matched = Match(r'^[^{;)}]*([{;)}])(.*)$', line)
if not matched:
break
token = matched.group(1)
if token == '{':
# If namespace or class hasn't seen a opening brace yet, mark
# namespace/class head as complete. Push a new block onto the
# stack otherwise.
if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
self.stack[-1].seen_open_brace = True
else:
self.stack.append(_BlockInfo(True))
if _MATCH_ASM.match(line):
self.stack[-1].inline_asm = _BLOCK_ASM
elif token == ';' or token == ')':
# If we haven't seen an opening brace yet, but we already saw
# a semicolon, this is probably a forward declaration. Pop
# the stack for these.
#
# Similarly, if we haven't seen an opening brace yet, but we
# already saw a closing parenthesis, then these are probably
# function arguments with extra "class" or "struct" keywords.
# Also pop these stack for these.
if not self.SeenOpenBrace():
self.stack.pop()
else: # token == '}'
# Perform end of block checks and pop the stack.
if self.stack:
self.stack[-1].CheckEnd(filename, clean_lines, linenum, error)
self.stack.pop()
line = matched.group(2)
def InnermostClass(self):
"""Get class info on the top of the stack.
Returns:
A _ClassInfo object if we are inside a class, or None otherwise.
"""
for i in range(len(self.stack), 0, -1):
classinfo = self.stack[i - 1]
if isinstance(classinfo, _ClassInfo):
return classinfo
return None
def CheckCompletedBlocks(self, filename, error):
"""Checks that all classes and namespaces have been completely parsed.
Call this when all lines in a file have been processed.
Args:
filename: The name of the current file.
error: The function to call with any errors found.
"""
# Note: This test can result in false positives if #ifdef constructs
# get in the way of brace matching. See the testBuildClass test in
# cpplint_unittest.py for an example of this.
for obj in self.stack:
if isinstance(obj, _ClassInfo):
error(filename, obj.starting_linenum, 'build/class', 5,
'Failed to find complete declaration of class %s' %
obj.name)
elif isinstance(obj, _NamespaceInfo):
error(filename, obj.starting_linenum, 'build/namespaces', 5,
'Failed to find complete declaration of namespace %s' %
obj.name)
def CheckForNonStandardConstructs(filename, clean_lines, linenum,
nesting_state, error):
r"""Logs an error if we see certain non-ANSI constructs ignored by gcc-2.
Complain about several constructs which gcc-2 accepts, but which are
not standard C++. Warning about these in lint is one way to ease the
transition to new compilers.
- put storage class first (e.g. "static const" instead of "const static").
- "%lld" instead of %qd" in printf-type functions.
- "%1$d" is non-standard in printf-type functions.
- "\%" is an undefined character escape sequence.
- text after #endif is not allowed.
- invalid inner-style forward declaration.
- >? and