// ==========================================================================
// This software is subject to the provisions of the Zope Public License,
// Version 2.0 (ZPL).  A copy of the ZPL should accompany this distribution.
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
// WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS
// FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
// ==========================================================================

using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Security;
#if (UCS4)
using System.Text;
using Mono.Unix;
#endif

namespace Python.Runtime {

    [SuppressUnmanagedCodeSecurityAttribute()]

    public class Runtime {

    /// 
    /// Encapsulates the low-level Python C API. Note that it is
    /// the responsibility of the caller to have acquired the GIL
    /// before calling any of these methods.
    /// 
#if (UCS4)
        public const int UCS = 4;
#endif
#if (UCS2)
        public const int UCS = 2;
#endif
#if ! (UCS2 || UCS4)
#error You must define either UCS2 or UCS4!
#endif

#if (PYTHON23)
        public const string dll = "python23";
        public const string pyversion = "2.3";
        public const int pyversionnumber = 23;
#endif
#if (PYTHON24)
        public const string dll = "python24";
        public const string pyversion = "2.4";
        public const int pyversionnumber = 24;
#endif
#if (PYTHON25)
        public const string dll = "python25";
        public const string pyversion = "2.5";
        public const int pyversionnumber = 25;
#endif
#if (PYTHON26)
        public const string dll = "python26";
        public const string pyversion = "2.6";
        public const int pyversionnumber = 26;
#endif
#if (PYTHON27)
        public const string dll = "python27";
        public const string pyversion = "2.7";
        public const int pyversionnumber = 27;
#endif
#if ! (PYTHON23 || PYTHON24 || PYTHON25 || PYTHON26 || PYTHON27)
#error You must define one of PYTHON23 to PYTHON27
#endif

        internal static bool wrap_exceptions;
        internal static bool is32bit;

        /// 
        /// Intitialize the runtime...
        /// 
        internal static void Initialize() {

        is32bit = IntPtr.Size == 4;

        Runtime.Py_Initialize();
        Runtime.PyEval_InitThreads();

        IntPtr dict = Runtime.PyImport_GetModuleDict();
        IntPtr op = Runtime.PyDict_GetItemString(dict, "__builtin__");

        PyBaseObjectType = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(op, "object");

        PyModuleType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        PyNone = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(op, "None");
        PyTrue = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(op, "True");
        PyFalse = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(op, "False");

        PyBoolType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(PyTrue);
        PyNoneType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(PyNone);
        PyTypeType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(PyNoneType);

        op = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(dict, "keys");
        PyMethodType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyString_FromString("string");
        PyStringType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyUnicode_FromString("unicode");
        PyUnicodeType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyTuple_New(0);
        PyTupleType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyList_New(0);
        PyListType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyDict_New();
        PyDictType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyInt_FromInt32(0);
        PyIntType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyLong_FromLong(0);
        PyLongType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        op = Runtime.PyFloat_FromDouble(0);
        PyFloatType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(op);
        Runtime.Decref(op);

        IntPtr s = Runtime.PyString_FromString("_temp");
        IntPtr d = Runtime.PyDict_New();
        IntPtr c = Runtime.PyClass_New(IntPtr.Zero, d, s);
        PyClassType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(c);

        IntPtr i = Runtime.PyInstance_New(c, IntPtr.Zero, IntPtr.Zero);
        PyInstanceType = Runtime.PyObject_Type(i);

        Runtime.Decref(s);
        Runtime.Decref(i);
        Runtime.Decref(c);
        Runtime.Decref(d);

        Error = new IntPtr(-1);

        // Determine whether we need to wrap exceptions for versions of
        // of the Python runtime that do not allow new-style classes to
        // be used as exceptions (Python versions 2.4 and lower).

#if (PYTHON25 || PYTHON26 || PYTHON27)
        wrap_exceptions = false;
#else
        IntPtr m = PyImport_ImportModule("exceptions");
        Exceptions.ErrorCheck(m);
        op = Runtime.PyObject_GetAttrString(m, "Exception");
        Exceptions.ErrorCheck(op);
        if (Runtime.PyObject_TYPE(op) == PyClassType) {
            wrap_exceptions = true;
        }
        Runtime.Decref(op);
        Runtime.Decref(m);
#endif

        // Initialize modules that depend on the runtime class.
        AssemblyManager.Initialize();
        PyCLRMetaType = MetaType.Initialize();
        Exceptions.Initialize();
        ImportHook.Initialize();

        // Need to add the runtime directory to sys.path so that we
        // can find built-in assemblies like System.Data, et. al.
        string rtdir = RuntimeEnvironment.GetRuntimeDirectory();
        IntPtr path = Runtime.PySys_GetObject("path");
        IntPtr item = Runtime.PyString_FromString(rtdir);
        Runtime.PyList_Append(path, item);
        Runtime.Decref(item);
        AssemblyManager.UpdatePath();
    }

    internal static void Shutdown() {
        AssemblyManager.Shutdown();
        Exceptions.Shutdown();
        ImportHook.Shutdown();
        Py_Finalize();
    }

    internal static IntPtr Py_single_input = (IntPtr)256;
    internal static IntPtr Py_file_input = (IntPtr)257;
    internal static IntPtr Py_eval_input = (IntPtr)258;

    internal static IntPtr PyBaseObjectType;
    internal static IntPtr PyModuleType;
    internal static IntPtr PyClassType;
    internal static IntPtr PyInstanceType;
    internal static IntPtr PyCLRMetaType;
    internal static IntPtr PyMethodType;

    internal static IntPtr PyUnicodeType;
    internal static IntPtr PyStringType;
    internal static IntPtr PyTupleType;
    internal static IntPtr PyListType;
    internal static IntPtr PyDictType;
    internal static IntPtr PyIntType;
    internal static IntPtr PyLongType;
    internal static IntPtr PyFloatType;
    internal static IntPtr PyBoolType;
    internal static IntPtr PyNoneType;
    internal static IntPtr PyTypeType;

    internal static IntPtr PyTrue;
    internal static IntPtr PyFalse;
    internal static IntPtr PyNone;
    internal static IntPtr Error;


    internal static IntPtr GetBoundArgTuple(IntPtr obj, IntPtr args) {
        if (Runtime.PyObject_TYPE(args) != Runtime.PyTupleType) {
            Exceptions.SetError(Exceptions.TypeError, "tuple expected");
            return IntPtr.Zero;
        }
        int size = Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);
        IntPtr items = Runtime.PyTuple_New(size + 1);
        Runtime.PyTuple_SetItem(items, 0, obj);
        Runtime.Incref(obj);

        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            IntPtr item = Runtime.PyTuple_GetItem(args, i);
            Runtime.Incref(item);
            Runtime.PyTuple_SetItem(items, i + 1, item);
        }

        return items;
    }


    internal static IntPtr ExtendTuple(IntPtr t, params IntPtr[] args) {
        int size = Runtime.PyTuple_Size(t);
        int add = args.Length;
        IntPtr item;

        IntPtr items = Runtime.PyTuple_New(size + add);
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
            item = Runtime.PyTuple_GetItem(t, i);
            Runtime.Incref(item);
            Runtime.PyTuple_SetItem(items, i, item);
        }

        for (int n = 0; n < add; n++) {
            item = args[n];
            Runtime.Incref(item);
            Runtime.PyTuple_SetItem(items, size + n, item);
        }

        return items;
    }

    internal static Type[] PythonArgsToTypeArray(IntPtr arg) {
        return PythonArgsToTypeArray(arg, false);
    }

    internal static Type[] PythonArgsToTypeArray(IntPtr arg, bool mangleObjects) {
        // Given a PyObject * that is either a single type object or a
        // tuple of (managed or unmanaged) type objects, return a Type[]
        // containing the CLR Type objects that map to those types.
        IntPtr args = arg;
        bool free = false;

        if (!Runtime.PyTuple_Check(arg)) {
            args = Runtime.PyTuple_New(1);
            Runtime.Incref(arg);
            Runtime.PyTuple_SetItem(args, 0, arg);
            free = true;
        }

        int n = Runtime.PyTuple_Size(args);
        Type[] types = new Type[n];
        Type t = null;

        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            IntPtr op = Runtime.PyTuple_GetItem(args, i);
            if (mangleObjects && (!Runtime.PyType_Check(op))) {
                op = Runtime.PyObject_TYPE(op);
            }
            ManagedType mt = ManagedType.GetManagedObject(op);

            if (mt is ClassBase) {
                t = ((ClassBase)mt).type;
            }
            else if (mt is CLRObject) {
                object inst = ((CLRObject)mt).inst;
                if (inst is Type) {
                    t = inst as Type;
                }
            }
            else {
                t = Converter.GetTypeByAlias(op);
            }

            if (t == null) {
                types = null;
                break;
            }
            types[i] = t;
        }
        if (free) {
            Runtime.Decref(args);
        }
        return types;
    }

    //===================================================================
    // Managed exports of the Python C API. Where appropriate, we do
    // some optimization to avoid managed  unmanaged transitions
    // (mostly for heavily used methods).
    //===================================================================

    internal unsafe static void Incref(IntPtr op) {
#if (Py_DEBUG)
        Py_IncRef(op);
        return;
#else
        void *p = (void *)op;
        if ((void *)0 != p) {
        if (is32bit) { (*(int *)p)++;  }
        else         { (*(long *)p)++; }
        }
#endif
    }

    internal unsafe static void Decref(IntPtr op) {
        if (op == IntPtr.Zero) {
            DebugUtil.Print("Decref(NULL)");
        }
#if (Py_DEBUG)
        // Py_DecRef calls Python's Py_DECREF
        Py_DecRef(op);
        return;
#else
        void* p = (void*) op;
        if ((void*) 0 != p) {
            if (is32bit) { --(*(int*) p); }
            else        { --(*(long*) p); }
            if ((*(int*) p) == 0) {
                // PyObject_HEAD: struct _typeobject *ob_type
                void* t = is32bit ? (void*) (*((uint*) p + 1)) :
                                    (void*) (*((ulong*) p + 1));
                // PyTypeObject: destructor tp_dealloc
                void* f = is32bit ? (void*) (*((uint*) t + 6)) :
                    (void*) (*((ulong*) t + 6));
                if ((void*) 0 == f) {
                    return;
                }
                NativeCall.Impl.Void_Call_1(new IntPtr(f), op);
                return;
            }
        }
#endif
    }

#if (Py_DEBUG)
    // Py_IncRef and Py_DecRef are taking care of the extra payload
    // in Py_DEBUG builds of Python like _Py_RefTotal 
    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    private unsafe static extern void
    Py_IncRef(IntPtr ob); 

   [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    private unsafe static extern void
    Py_DecRef(IntPtr ob);
#endif

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    Py_Initialize();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    Py_IsInitialized();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    Py_Finalize();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    Py_NewInterpreter();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    Py_EndInterpreter(IntPtr threadState);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyThreadState_New(IntPtr istate);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyThreadState_Get();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyThread_get_key_value(IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyThread_get_thread_ident();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyThread_set_key_value(IntPtr key, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyThreadState_Swap(IntPtr key);


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyGILState_Ensure();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyGILState_Release(IntPtr gs);


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyGILState_GetThisThreadState();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    public unsafe static extern int
    Py_Main(int argc, string[] argv);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_InitThreads();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_AcquireLock();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_ReleaseLock();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_AcquireThread(IntPtr tstate);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_ReleaseThread(IntPtr tstate);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyEval_SaveThread();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyEval_RestoreThread(IntPtr tstate);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyEval_GetBuiltins();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyEval_GetGlobals();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyEval_GetLocals();


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
         ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetProgramName();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
        Py_SetProgramName(string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetPythonHome();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
        Py_SetPythonHome(string home);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetVersion();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetPlatform();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetCopyright();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetCompiler();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern string
        Py_GetBuildInfo();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyRun_SimpleString(string code);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyRun_String(string code, IntPtr st, IntPtr globals, IntPtr locals);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        Py_CompileString(string code, string file, IntPtr tok);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyImport_ExecCodeModule(string name, IntPtr code);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyCFunction_New(IntPtr ml, IntPtr self);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyCFunction_NewEx(IntPtr ml, IntPtr self, IntPtr mod);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyCFunction_Call(IntPtr func, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyClass_New(IntPtr bases, IntPtr dict, IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyInstance_New(IntPtr cls, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyInstance_NewRaw(IntPtr cls, IntPtr dict);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyMethod_New(IntPtr func, IntPtr self, IntPtr cls);


    //====================================================================
    // Python abstract object API
    //====================================================================

    // A macro-like method to get the type of a Python object. This is
    // designed to be lean and mean in IL & avoid managed  unmanaged
    // transitions. Note that this does not incref the type object.

    internal unsafe static IntPtr
    PyObject_TYPE(IntPtr op) {
        void* p = (void*)op;
        if ((void*)0 == p) {
            return IntPtr.Zero;
        }
#if (Py_DEBUG)
        int n = 3;
#else
        int n = 1;
#endif
        if (is32bit) {
            return new IntPtr((void*)(*((uint*)p + n)));
        }
        else {
            return new IntPtr((void*)(*((ulong*)p + n)));
        }
    }

    // Managed version of the standard Python C API PyObject_Type call.
    // This version avoids a managed  unmanaged transition. This one
    // does incref the returned type object.

    internal unsafe static IntPtr
    PyObject_Type(IntPtr op) {
        IntPtr tp = PyObject_TYPE(op);
        Runtime.Incref(tp);
        return tp;
    }

    internal static string PyObject_GetTypeName(IntPtr op) {
        IntPtr pyType = Marshal.ReadIntPtr(op, ObjectOffset.ob_type);
        IntPtr ppName = Marshal.ReadIntPtr(pyType, TypeOffset.tp_name);
        return Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(ppName);
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_HasAttrString(IntPtr pointer, string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyObject_GetAttrString(IntPtr pointer, string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_SetAttrString(IntPtr pointer, string name, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_HasAttr(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyObject_GetAttr(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_SetAttr(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr name, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyObject_GetItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_SetItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
        PyObject_DelItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyObject_GetIter(IntPtr op);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
        PyObject_Call(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_CallObject(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr args);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_Compare(IntPtr value1, IntPtr value2);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_IsInstance(IntPtr ob, IntPtr type);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_IsSubclass(IntPtr ob, IntPtr type);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyCallable_Check(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_IsTrue(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_Size(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_Hash(IntPtr op);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_Repr(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_Str(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_Unicode(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_Dir(IntPtr pointer);


    //====================================================================
    // Python number API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyNumber_Int(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyNumber_Long(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyNumber_Float(IntPtr ob);


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern bool
    PyNumber_Check(IntPtr ob);


    internal static bool PyInt_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TypeCheck(ob, Runtime.PyIntType);
    }

    internal static bool PyBool_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TypeCheck(ob, Runtime.PyBoolType);
    }


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    private unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyInt_FromLong(IntPtr value);

    internal static IntPtr PyInt_FromInt32(int value) {
        IntPtr v = new IntPtr(value);
        return PyInt_FromLong(v);
    }

    internal static IntPtr PyInt_FromInt64(long value) {
        IntPtr v = new IntPtr(value);
        return PyInt_FromLong(v);
    }


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyInt_AsLong(IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyInt_FromString(string value, IntPtr end, int radix);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyInt_GetMax();


    internal static bool PyLong_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyLongType;
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromLong(long value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(uint value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromDouble(double value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromLongLong(long value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(ulong value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyLong_FromString(string value, IntPtr end, int radix);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyLong_AsLong(IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern uint
    PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern long
    PyLong_AsLongLong(IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern ulong
    PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(IntPtr value);


    internal static bool PyFloat_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyFloatType;
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyFloat_FromDouble(double value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyFloat_FromString(IntPtr value, IntPtr junk);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern double
    PyFloat_AsDouble(IntPtr ob);


    //====================================================================
    // Python sequence API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern bool
    PySequence_Check(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_GetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_SetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_DelItem(IntPtr pointer, int index);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_GetSlice(IntPtr pointer, int i1, int i2);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_SetSlice(IntPtr pointer, int i1, int i2, IntPtr v);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_DelSlice(IntPtr pointer, int i1, int i2);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_Size(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_Contains(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr item);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_Concat(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr other);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_Repeat(IntPtr pointer, int count);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_Index(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr item);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySequence_Count(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_Tuple(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySequence_List(IntPtr pointer);


    //====================================================================
    // Python string API
    //====================================================================

    internal static bool IsStringType(IntPtr op) {
        IntPtr t = PyObject_TYPE(op);
        return (t == PyStringType) || (t == PyUnicodeType);
    }

    internal static bool PyString_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyStringType;
    }

    internal static IntPtr PyString_FromString(string value) {
        return PyString_FromStringAndSize(value, value.Length);
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyString_FromStringAndSize(string value, int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyString_AsString",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyString_AS_STRING(IntPtr op);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyString_Size(IntPtr pointer);

    internal static bool PyUnicode_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyUnicodeType;
    }

#if (UCS2)
    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_FromObject",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromObject(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_FromEncodedObject",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(IntPtr ob, IntPtr enc, IntPtr err);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_FromUnicode",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromUnicode(string s, int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_GetSize",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyUnicode_GetSize(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_AsUnicode",
        ExactSpelling=true)]
    internal unsafe static extern char *
    PyUnicode_AsUnicode(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_AsUnicode",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(IntPtr op);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint="PyUnicodeUCS2_FromOrdinal",
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(int c);

    internal static IntPtr PyUnicode_FromString(string s)
    {
        return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, (s.Length));
    }

    internal unsafe static string GetManagedString(IntPtr op)
    {
        IntPtr type = PyObject_TYPE(op);

        if (type == Runtime.PyStringType)
        {
            return Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(
                       PyString_AS_STRING(op),
                       Runtime.PyString_Size(op)
                       );
        }

        if (type == Runtime.PyUnicodeType)
        {
            char* p = Runtime.PyUnicode_AsUnicode(op);
            int size = Runtime.PyUnicode_GetSize(op);
            return new String(p, 0, size);
        }

        return null;
    }

#endif
#if (UCS4)
    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_FromObject",
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromObject(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_FromEncodedObject",
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(IntPtr ob, IntPtr enc, IntPtr err);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_FromUnicode",
        ExactSpelling = true)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromUnicode(
    [MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler,
         MarshalTypeRef=typeof(Utf32Marshaler))]
    string s, int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_GetSize",
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyUnicode_GetSize(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_AsUnicode",
        ExactSpelling = true)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_AsUnicode(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_AsUnicode",
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(IntPtr op);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
           EntryPoint = "PyUnicodeUCS4_FromOrdinal",
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Unicode)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(int c);

    internal static IntPtr PyUnicode_FromString(string s)
    {
        return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(s, (s.Length));
    }

    internal unsafe static string GetManagedString(IntPtr op)
    {
        IntPtr type = PyObject_TYPE(op);

        if (type == Runtime.PyStringType)
        {
            return Marshal.PtrToStringAnsi(
                       PyString_AS_STRING(op),
                       Runtime.PyString_Size(op)
                       );
        }

        if (type == Runtime.PyUnicodeType)
        {
            IntPtr p = Runtime.PyUnicode_AsUnicode(op);
            return UnixMarshal.PtrToString(p, Encoding.UTF32);
        }

        return null;
    }
#endif

    //====================================================================
    // Python dictionary API
    //====================================================================

    internal static bool PyDict_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyDictType;
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_New();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDictProxy_New(IntPtr dict);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_GetItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_GetItemString(IntPtr pointer, string key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyDict_SetItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyDict_SetItemString(IntPtr pointer, string key, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyDict_DelItem(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyMapping_HasKey(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr key);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_Keys(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_Values(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_Items(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyDict_Copy(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyDict_Update(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr other);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyDict_Clear(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyDict_Size(IntPtr pointer);


    //====================================================================
    // Python list API
    //====================================================================

    internal static bool PyList_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyListType;
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyList_New(int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyList_AsTuple(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyList_GetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_SetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_Insert(IntPtr pointer, int index, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_Append(IntPtr pointer, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_Reverse(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_Sort(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyList_GetSlice(IntPtr pointer, int start, int end);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_SetSlice(IntPtr pointer, int start, int end, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyList_Size(IntPtr pointer);


    //====================================================================
    // Python tuple API
    //====================================================================

    internal static bool PyTuple_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TYPE(ob) == Runtime.PyTupleType;
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyTuple_New(int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyTuple_GetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyTuple_SetItem(IntPtr pointer, int index, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyTuple_GetSlice(IntPtr pointer, int start, int end);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyTuple_Size(IntPtr pointer);


    //====================================================================
    // Python iterator API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern bool
    PyIter_Check(IntPtr pointer);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling = true, CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyIter_Next(IntPtr pointer);

    //====================================================================
    // Python module API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern string
    PyModule_GetName(IntPtr module);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyModule_GetDict(IntPtr module);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern string
    PyModule_GetFilename(IntPtr module);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyImport_Import(IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyImport_ImportModule(string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyImport_ReloadModule(IntPtr module);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyImport_AddModule(string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyImport_GetModuleDict();


    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PySys_SetArgv(int argc, IntPtr argv);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PySys_GetObject(string name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PySys_SetObject(string name, IntPtr ob);


    //====================================================================
    // Python type object API
    //====================================================================

    internal static bool PyType_Check(IntPtr ob) {
        return PyObject_TypeCheck(ob, Runtime.PyTypeType);
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern bool
    PyType_IsSubtype(IntPtr t1, IntPtr t2);

        internal static bool PyObject_TypeCheck(IntPtr ob, IntPtr tp) {
      IntPtr t = PyObject_TYPE(ob);
      return (t == tp) || PyType_IsSubtype(t, tp);
    }

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyType_GenericNew(IntPtr type, IntPtr args, IntPtr kw);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyType_GenericAlloc(IntPtr type, int n);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyType_Ready(IntPtr type);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    _PyType_Lookup(IntPtr type, IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr(IntPtr obj, IntPtr name);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyObject_GenericSetAttr(IntPtr obj, IntPtr name, IntPtr value);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    _PyObject_GetDictPtr(IntPtr obj);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyObject_GC_New(IntPtr tp);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyObject_GC_Del(IntPtr tp);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyObject_GC_Track(IntPtr tp);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(IntPtr tp);


    //====================================================================
    // Python memory API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyMem_Malloc(int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyMem_Realloc(IntPtr ptr, int size);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyMem_Free(IntPtr ptr);


    //====================================================================
    // Python exception API
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_SetString(IntPtr ob, string message);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_SetObject(IntPtr ob, IntPtr message);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyErr_SetFromErrno(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_SetNone(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyErr_ExceptionMatches(IntPtr exception);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
    internal unsafe static extern int
    PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(IntPtr ob, IntPtr val);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_NormalizeException(IntPtr ob, IntPtr val, IntPtr tb);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern int
    PyErr_Occurred();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_Fetch(ref IntPtr ob, ref IntPtr val, ref IntPtr tb);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_Restore(IntPtr ob, IntPtr val, IntPtr tb);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_Clear();

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern void
    PyErr_Print();


    //====================================================================
    // Miscellaneous
    //====================================================================

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyMethod_Self(IntPtr ob);

    [DllImport(Runtime.dll, CallingConvention=CallingConvention.Cdecl,
        ExactSpelling=true, CharSet=CharSet.Ansi)]
        internal unsafe static extern IntPtr
    PyMethod_Function(IntPtr ob);

    }


}