def hello_name(name):
  """
  Given a string name, e.g. "Bob", return a greeting of the form "Hello Bob!".
  """
  return "Hello " + name + "!"

def make_abba(a, b):
  """
  Given two strings, a and b, return the result of putting them together 
  in the order abba, e.g. "Hi" and "Bye" returns "HiByeByeHi". 
  """
  return a+2*b+a

def make_tags(tag, word):
  """
  The web is built with HTML strings like "Yay" which draws Yay as 
  italic text. In this example, the "i" tag makes  and  which surround 
  the word "Yay". Given tag and word strings, create the HTML string with tags
  around the word, e.g. "Yay". 
  """
  return ""+word+""

def make_out_word(out, word):
  """
  Given an "out" string length 4, such as "", and a word, return a new 
  string where the word is in the middle of the out string, e.g. "". 
  """
  return out[:2] + word + out[2:]

def extra_end(str):
  """
  Given a string, return a new string made of 3 copies of the last 2 chars 
  of the original string. The string length will be at least 2. 
  """
  return str[-2:]*3

def first_two(str):
  """
  Given a string, return the string made of its first two chars, so the 
  String "Hello" yields "He". If the string is shorter than length 2, return 
  whatever there is, so "X" yields "X", and the empty string "" yields the 
  empty string "". 
  """
  return str if len(str)