dlib/python_examples/svm_struct.py at master · SmartAudioTools/dlib · GitHub

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#!/usr/bin/python

# The contents of this file are in the public domain. See LICENSE_FOR_EXAMPLE_PROGRAMS.txt

# This is an example illustrating the use of the structural SVM solver from

# the dlib C++ Library. Therefore, this example teaches you the central ideas

# needed to setup a structural SVM model for your machine learning problems. To

# illustrate the process, we use dlib's structural SVM solver to learn the

# parameters of a simple multi-class classifier. We first discuss the

# multi-class classifier model and then walk through using the structural SVM

# tools to find the parameters of this classification model. As an aside,

# dlib's C++ interface to the structural SVM solver is threaded. So on a

# multi-core computer it is significantly faster than using the python

# interface. So consider using the C++ interface instead if you find that

# running it in python is slow.

# COMPILING/INSTALLING THE DLIB PYTHON INTERFACE

# You can install dlib using the command:

# pip install dlib

# Alternatively, if you want to compile dlib yourself then go into the dlib

# root folder and run:

# python setup.py install

# Compiling dlib should work on any operating system so long as you have

# CMake installed. On Ubuntu, this can be done easily by running the

# command:

# sudo apt-get install cmake

import dlib

def main():

# In this example, we have three types of samples: class 0, 1, or 2. That

# is, each of our sample vectors falls into one of three classes. To keep

# this example very simple, each sample vector is zero everywhere except at

# one place. The non-zero dimension of each vector determines the class of

# the vector. So for example, the first element of samples has a class of 1

# because samples[0][1] is the only non-zero element of samples[0].

samples = [[0, 2, 0], [1, 0, 0], [0, 4, 0], [0, 0, 3]]

# Since we want to use a machine learning method to learn a 3-class

# classifier we need to record the labels of our samples. Here samples[i]

# has a class label of labels[i].

labels = [1, 0, 1, 2]

# Now that we have some training data we can tell the structural SVM to

# learn the parameters of our 3-class classifier model. The details of this

# will be explained later. For now, just note that it finds the weights

# (i.e. a vector of real valued parameters) such that predict_label(weights,

# sample) always returns the correct label for a sample vector.

problem = ThreeClassClassifierProblem(samples, labels)

weights = dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem(problem)

# Print the weights and then evaluate predict_label() on each of our

# training samples. Note that the correct label is predicted for each

# sample.

print(weights)

for k, s in enumerate(samples):

print("Predicted label for sample[{0}]: {1}".format(

k, predict_label(weights, s)))

def predict_label(weights, sample):

"""Given the 9-dimensional weight vector which defines a 3 class classifier,

predict the class of the given 3-dimensional sample vector. Therefore, the

output of this function is either 0, 1, or 2 (i.e. one of the three possible

labels)."""

# Our 3-class classifier model can be thought of as containing 3 separate

# linear classifiers. So to predict the class of a sample vector we

# evaluate each of these three classifiers and then whatever classifier has

# the largest output "wins" and predicts the label of the sample. This is

# the popular one-vs-all multi-class classifier model.

# Keeping this in mind, the code below simply pulls the three separate

# weight vectors out of weights and then evaluates each against sample. The

# individual classifier scores are stored in scores and the highest scoring

# index is returned as the label.

w0 = weights[0:3]

w1 = weights[3:6]

w2 = weights[6:9]

scores = [dot(w0, sample), dot(w1, sample), dot(w2, sample)]

max_scoring_label = scores.index(max(scores))

return max_scoring_label

def dot(a, b):

"""Compute the dot product between the two vectors a and b."""

return sum(i * j for i, j in zip(a, b))

################################################################################

class ThreeClassClassifierProblem:

# Now we arrive at the meat of this example program. To use the

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() routine you need to define an object

# which tells the structural SVM solver what to do for your problem. In

# this example, this is done by defining the ThreeClassClassifierProblem

# object. Before we get into the details, we first discuss some background

# information on structural SVMs.

# A structural SVM is a supervised machine learning method for learning to

# predict complex outputs. This is contrasted with a binary classifier

# which makes only simple yes/no predictions. A structural SVM, on the

# other hand, can learn to predict complex outputs such as entire parse

# trees or DNA sequence alignments. To do this, it learns a function F(x,y)

# which measures how well a particular data sample x matches a label y,

# where a label is potentially a complex thing like a parse tree. However,

# to keep this example program simple we use only a 3 category label output.

# At test time, the best label for a new x is given by the y which

# maximizes F(x,y). To put this into the context of the current example,

# F(x,y) computes the score for a given sample and class label. The

# predicted class label is therefore whatever value of y which makes F(x,y)

# the biggest. This is exactly what predict_label() does. That is, it

# computes F(x,0), F(x,1), and F(x,2) and then reports which label has the

# biggest value.

# At a high level, a structural SVM can be thought of as searching the

# parameter space of F(x,y) for the set of parameters that make the

# following inequality true as often as possible:

# F(x_i,y_i) > max{over all incorrect labels of x_i} F(x_i, y_incorrect)

# That is, it seeks to find the parameter vector such that F(x,y) always

# gives the highest score to the correct output. To define the structural

# SVM optimization problem precisely, we first introduce some notation:

# - let PSI(x,y) == the joint feature vector for input x and a label y

# - let F(x,y|w) == dot(w,PSI(x,y)).

# (we use the | notation to emphasize that F() has the parameter vector

# of weights called w)

# - let LOSS(idx,y) == the loss incurred for predicting that the

# idx-th training sample has a label of y. Note that LOSS()

# should always be >= 0 and should become exactly 0 when y is the

# correct label for the idx-th sample. Moreover, it should notionally

# indicate how bad it is to predict y for the idx'th sample.

# - let x_i == the i-th training sample.

# - let y_i == the correct label for the i-th training sample.

# - The number of data samples is N.

# Then the optimization problem solved by a structural SVM using

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() is the following:

# Minimize: h(w) == 0.5*dot(w,w) + C*R(w)

# Where R(w) == sum from i=1 to N: 1/N * sample_risk(i,w) and

# sample_risk(i,w) == max over all

# Y: LOSS(i,Y) + F(x_i,Y|w) - F(x_i,y_i|w) and C > 0

# You can think of the sample_risk(i,w) as measuring the degree of error

# you would make when predicting the label of the i-th sample using

# parameters w. That is, it is zero only when the correct label would be

# predicted and grows larger the more "wrong" the predicted output becomes.

# Therefore, the objective function is minimizing a balance between making

# the weights small (typically this reduces overfitting) and fitting the

# training data. The degree to which you try to fit the data is controlled

# by the C parameter.

# For a more detailed introduction to structured support vector machines

# you should consult the following paper:

# Predicting Structured Objects with Support Vector Machines by

# Thorsten Joachims, Thomas Hofmann, Yisong Yue, and Chun-nam Yu

# Finally, we come back to the code. To use

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() you need to provide the things

# discussed above. This is the value of C, the number of training samples,

# the dimensionality of PSI(), as well as methods for calculating the loss

# values and PSI() vectors. You will also need to write code that can

# compute:

# max over all Y: LOSS(i,Y) + F(x_i,Y|w). To summarize, the

# ThreeClassClassifierProblem class is required to have the following

# fields:

# - C

# - num_samples

# - num_dimensions

# - get_truth_joint_feature_vector()

# - separation_oracle()

C = 1

# There are also a number of optional arguments:

# epsilon is the stopping tolerance. The optimizer will run until R(w) is

# within epsilon of its optimal value. If you don't set this then it

# defaults to 0.001.

# epsilon = 1e-13

# Uncomment this and the optimizer will print its progress to standard

# out. You will be able to see things like the current risk gap. The

# optimizer continues until the

# risk gap is below epsilon.

# be_verbose = True

# If you want to require that the learned weights are all non-negative

# then set this field to True.

# learns_nonnegative_weights = True

# The optimizer uses an internal cache to avoid unnecessary calls to your

# separation_oracle() routine. This parameter controls the size of that

# cache. Bigger values use more RAM and might make the optimizer run

# faster. You can also disable it by setting it to 0 which is good to do

# when your separation_oracle is very fast. If If you don't call this

# function it defaults to a value of 5.

# max_cache_size = 20

def __init__(self, samples, labels):

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() expects the class to have

# num_samples and num_dimensions fields. These fields should contain

# the number of training samples and the dimensionality of the PSI

# feature vector respectively.

self.num_samples = len(samples)

self.num_dimensions = len(samples[0])*3

self.samples = samples

self.labels = labels

def make_psi(self, x, label):

"""Compute PSI(x,label)."""

# All we are doing here is taking x, which is a 3 dimensional sample

# vector in this example program, and putting it into one of 3 places in

# a 9 dimensional PSI vector, which we then return. So this function

# returns PSI(x,label). To see why we setup PSI like this, recall how

# predict_label() works. It takes in a 9 dimensional weight vector and

# breaks the vector into 3 pieces. Each piece then defines a different

# classifier and we use them in a one-vs-all manner to predict the

# label. So now that we are in the structural SVM code we have to

# define the PSI vector to correspond to this usage. That is, we need

# to setup PSI so that argmax_y dot(weights,PSI(x,y)) ==

# predict_label(weights,x). This is how we tell the structural SVM

# solver what kind of problem we are trying to solve.

# It's worth emphasizing that the single biggest step in using a

# structural SVM is deciding how you want to represent PSI(x,label). It

# is always a vector, but deciding what to put into it to solve your

# problem is often not a trivial task. Part of the difficulty is that

# you need an efficient method for finding the label that makes

# dot(w,PSI(x,label)) the biggest. Sometimes this is easy, but often

# finding the max scoring label turns into a difficult combinatorial

# optimization problem. So you need to pick a PSI that doesn't make the

# label maximization step intractable but also still well models your

# problem.

# Create a dense vector object (note that you can also use unsorted

# sparse vectors (i.e. dlib.sparse_vector objects) to represent your

# PSI vector. This is useful if you have very high dimensional PSI

# vectors that are mostly zeros. In the context of this example, you

# would simply return a dlib.sparse_vector at the end of make_psi() and

# the rest of the example would still work properly. ).

psi = dlib.vector()

# Set it to have 9 dimensions. Note that the elements of the vector

# are 0 initialized.

psi.resize(self.num_dimensions)

dims = len(x)

if label == 0:

for i in range(0, dims):

psi[i] = x[i]

elif label == 1:

for i in range(dims, 2 * dims):

psi[i] = x[i - dims]

else: # the label must be 2

for i in range(2 * dims, 3 * dims):

psi[i] = x[i - 2 * dims]

return psi

# Now we get to the two member functions that are directly called by

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem().

# In get_truth_joint_feature_vector(), all you have to do is return the

# PSI() vector for the idx-th training sample when it has its true label.

# So here it returns

# PSI(self.samples[idx], self.labels[idx]).

def get_truth_joint_feature_vector(self, idx):

return self.make_psi(self.samples[idx], self.labels[idx])

# separation_oracle() is more interesting.

# dlib.solve_structural_svm_problem() will call separation_oracle() many

# times during the optimization. Each time it will give it the current

# value of the parameter weights and the separation_oracle() is supposed to

# find the label that most violates the structural SVM objective function

# for the idx-th sample. Then the separation oracle reports the

# corresponding PSI vector and loss value. To state this more precisely,

# the separation_oracle() member function has the following contract:

# requires

# - 0 <= idx < self.num_samples

# - len(current_solution) == self.num_dimensions

# ensures

# - runs the separation oracle on the idx-th sample.

# We define this as follows:

# - let X == the idx-th training sample.

# - let PSI(X,y) == the joint feature vector for input X

# and an arbitrary label y.

# - let F(X,y) == dot(current_solution,PSI(X,y)).

# - let LOSS(idx,y) == the loss incurred for predicting that the

# idx-th sample has a label of y. Note that LOSS()

# should always be >= 0 and should become exactly 0 when y is the

# correct label for the idx-th sample.

# Then the separation oracle finds a Y such that:

# Y = argmax over all y: LOSS(idx,y) + F(X,y)

# (i.e. It finds the label which maximizes the above expression.)

# Finally, separation_oracle() returns LOSS(idx,Y),PSI(X,Y)

def separation_oracle(self, idx, current_solution):

samp = self.samples[idx]

dims = len(samp)

scores = [0, 0, 0]

# compute scores for each of the three classifiers

scores[0] = dot(current_solution[0:dims], samp)

scores[1] = dot(current_solution[dims:2*dims], samp)

scores[2] = dot(current_solution[2*dims:3*dims], samp)

# Add in the loss-augmentation. Recall that we maximize

# LOSS(idx,y) + F(X,y) in the separate oracle, not just F(X,y) as we

# normally would in predict_label(). Therefore, we must add in this

# extra amount to account for the loss-augmentation. For our simple

# multi-class classifier, we incur a loss of 1 if we don't predict the

# correct label and a loss of 0 if we get the right label.

if self.labels[idx] != 0:

scores[0] += 1

if self.labels[idx] != 1:

scores[1] += 1

if self.labels[idx] != 2:

scores[2] += 1

# Now figure out which classifier has the largest loss-augmented score.

max_scoring_label = scores.index(max(scores))

# And finally record the loss that was associated with that predicted

# label. Again, the loss is 1 if the label is incorrect and 0 otherwise.

if max_scoring_label == self.labels[idx]:

loss = 0

else:

loss = 1

# Finally, return the loss and PSI vector corresponding to the label

# we just found.

psi = self.make_psi(samp, max_scoring_label)

return loss, psi

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

dlib/python_examples/svm_struct.py at master · SmartAudioTools/dlib · GitHub

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