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"""
Module difflib -- helpers for computing deltas between objects.
Function get_close_matches(word, possibilities, n=3, cutoff=0.6):
Use SequenceMatcher to return list of the best "good enough" matches.
Function context_diff(a, b):
For two lists of strings, return a delta in context diff format.
Function ndiff(a, b):
Return a delta: the difference between `a` and `b` (lists of strings).
Function restore(delta, which):
Return one of the two sequences that generated an ndiff delta.
Function unified_diff(a, b):
For two lists of strings, return a delta in unified diff format.
Class SequenceMatcher:
A flexible class for comparing pairs of sequences of any type.
Class Differ:
For producing human-readable deltas from sequences of lines of text.
Class HtmlDiff:
For producing HTML side by side comparison with change highlights.
"""
__all__
=
[
'get_close_matches'
,
'ndiff'
,
'restore'
,
'SequenceMatcher'
,
'Differ'
,
'IS_CHARACTER_JUNK'
,
'IS_LINE_JUNK'
,
'context_diff'
,
'unified_diff'
,
'diff_bytes'
,
'HtmlDiff'
,
'Match'
]
from
heapq
import
nlargest
as
_nlargest
from
collections
import
namedtuple
as
_namedtuple
Match
=
_namedtuple
(
'Match'
,
'a b size'
)
def
_calculate_ratio
(
matches
,
length
):
if
length
:
return
2.0
*
matches
/
length
return
1.0
class
SequenceMatcher
:
"""
SequenceMatcher is a flexible class for comparing pairs of sequences of
any type, so long as the sequence elements are hashable. The basic
algorithm predates, and is a little fancier than, an algorithm
published in the late 1980's by Ratcliff and Obershelp under the
hyperbolic name "gestalt pattern matching". The basic idea is to find
the longest contiguous matching subsequence that contains no "junk"
elements (R-O doesn't address junk). The same idea is then applied
recursively to the pieces of the sequences to the left and to the right
of the matching subsequence. This does not yield minimal edit
sequences, but does tend to yield matches that "look right" to people.
SequenceMatcher tries to compute a "human-friendly diff" between two
sequences. Unlike e.g. UNIX(tm) diff, the fundamental notion is the
longest *contiguous* & junk-free matching subsequence. That's what
catches peoples' eyes. The Windows(tm) windiff has another interesting
notion, pairing up elements that appear uniquely in each sequence.
That, and the method here, appear to yield more intuitive difference
reports than does diff. This method appears to be the least vulnerable
to synching up on blocks of "junk lines", though (like blank lines in
ordinary text files, or maybe "<P>" lines in HTML files). That may be
because this is the only method of the 3 that has a *concept* of
"junk" <wink>.
Example, comparing two strings, and considering blanks to be "junk":
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(lambda x: x == " ",
... "private Thread currentThread;",
... "private volatile Thread currentThread;")
>>>
.ratio() returns a float in [0, 1], measuring the "similarity" of the
sequences. As a rule of thumb, a .ratio() value over 0.6 means the
sequences are close matches:
>>> print(round(s.ratio(), 3))
0.866
>>>
If you're only interested in where the sequences match,
.get_matching_blocks() is handy:
>>> for block in s.get_matching_blocks():
... print("a[%d] and b[%d] match for %d elements" % block)
a[0] and b[0] match for 8 elements
a[8] and b[17] match for 21 elements
a[29] and b[38] match for 0 elements
Note that the last tuple returned by .get_matching_blocks() is always a
dummy, (len(a), len(b), 0), and this is the only case in which the last
tuple element (number of elements matched) is 0.
If you want to know how to change the first sequence into the second,
use .get_opcodes():
>>> for opcode in s.get_opcodes():
... print("%6s a[%d:%d] b[%d:%d]" % opcode)
equal a[0:8] b[0:8]
insert a[8:8] b[8:17]
equal a[8:29] b[17:38]
See the Differ class for a fancy human-friendly file differencer, which
uses SequenceMatcher both to compare sequences of lines, and to compare
sequences of characters within similar (near-matching) lines.
See also function get_close_matches() in this module, which shows how
simple code building on SequenceMatcher can be used to do useful work.
Timing: Basic R-O is cubic time worst case and quadratic time expected
case. SequenceMatcher is quadratic time for the worst case and has
expected-case behavior dependent in a complicated way on how many
elements the sequences have in common; best case time is linear.
Methods:
__init__(isjunk=None, a='', b='')
Construct a SequenceMatcher.
set_seqs(a, b)
Set the two sequences to be compared.
set_seq1(a)
Set the first sequence to be compared.
set_seq2(b)
Set the second sequence to be compared.
find_longest_match(alo, ahi, blo, bhi)
Find longest matching block in a[alo:ahi] and b[blo:bhi].
get_matching_blocks()
Return list of triples describing matching subsequences.
get_opcodes()
Return list of 5-tuples describing how to turn a into b.
ratio()
Return a measure of the sequences' similarity (float in [0,1]).
quick_ratio()
Return an upper bound on .ratio() relatively quickly.
real_quick_ratio()
Return an upper bound on ratio() very quickly.
"""
def
__init__
(
self
,
isjunk
=
None
,
a
=
''
,
b
=
''
,
autojunk
=
True
):
"""Construct a SequenceMatcher.
Optional arg isjunk is None (the default), or a one-argument
function that takes a sequence element and returns true iff the
element is junk. None is equivalent to passing "lambda x: 0", i.e.
no elements are considered to be junk. For example, pass
lambda x: x in "
\\
t"
if you're comparing lines as sequences of characters, and don't
want to synch up on blanks or hard tabs.
Optional arg a is the first of two sequences to be compared. By
default, an empty string. The elements of a must be hashable. See
also .set_seqs() and .set_seq1().
Optional arg b is the second of two sequences to be compared. By
default, an empty string. The elements of b must be hashable. See
also .set_seqs() and .set_seq2().
Optional arg autojunk should be set to False to disable the
"automatic junk heuristic" that treats popular elements as junk
(see module documentation for more information).
"""
# Members:
# a
# first sequence
# b
# second sequence; differences are computed as "what do
# we need to do to 'a' to change it into 'b'?"
# b2j
# for x in b, b2j[x] is a list of the indices (into b)
# at which x appears; junk and popular elements do not appear
# fullbcount
# for x in b, fullbcount[x] == the number of times x
# appears in b; only materialized if really needed (used
# only for computing quick_ratio())
# matching_blocks
# a list of (i, j, k) triples, where a[i:i+k] == b[j:j+k];
# ascending & non-overlapping in i and in j; terminated by
# a dummy (len(a), len(b), 0) sentinel
# opcodes
# a list of (tag, i1, i2, j1, j2) tuples, where tag is
# one of
# 'replace' a[i1:i2] should be replaced by b[j1:j2]
# 'delete' a[i1:i2] should be deleted
# 'insert' b[j1:j2] should be inserted
# 'equal' a[i1:i2] == b[j1:j2]
# isjunk
# a user-supplied function taking a sequence element and
# returning true iff the element is "junk" -- this has
# subtle but helpful effects on the algorithm, which I'll
# get around to writing up someday <0.9 wink>.
# DON'T USE! Only __chain_b uses this. Use "in self.bjunk".
# bjunk
# the items in b for which isjunk is True.
# bpopular
# nonjunk items in b treated as junk by the heuristic (if used).
self
.
isjunk
=
isjunk
self
.
a
=
self
.
b
=
None
self
.
autojunk
=
autojunk
self
.
set_seqs
(
a
,
b
)
def
set_seqs
(
self
,
a
,
b
):
"""Set the two sequences to be compared.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher()
>>> s.set_seqs("abcd", "bcde")
>>> s.ratio()
0.75
"""
self
.
set_seq1
(
a
)
self
.
set_seq2
(
b
)
def
set_seq1
(
self
,
a
):
"""Set the first sequence to be compared.
The second sequence to be compared is not changed.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, "abcd", "bcde")
>>> s.ratio()
0.75
>>> s.set_seq1("bcde")
>>> s.ratio()
1.0
>>>
SequenceMatcher computes and caches detailed information about the
second sequence, so if you want to compare one sequence S against
many sequences, use .set_seq2(S) once and call .set_seq1(x)
repeatedly for each of the other sequences.
See also set_seqs() and set_seq2().
"""
if
a
is
self
.
a
:
return
self
.
a
=
a
self
.
matching_blocks
=
self
.
opcodes
=
None
def
set_seq2
(
self
,
b
):
"""Set the second sequence to be compared.
The first sequence to be compared is not changed.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, "abcd", "bcde")
>>> s.ratio()
0.75
>>> s.set_seq2("abcd")
>>> s.ratio()
1.0
>>>
SequenceMatcher computes and caches detailed information about the
second sequence, so if you want to compare one sequence S against
many sequences, use .set_seq2(S) once and call .set_seq1(x)
repeatedly for each of the other sequences.
See also set_seqs() and set_seq1().
"""
if
b
is
self
.
b
:
return
self
.
b
=
b
self
.
matching_blocks
=
self
.
opcodes
=
None
self
.
fullbcount
=
None
self
.
__chain_b
()
# For each element x in b, set b2j[x] to a list of the indices in
# b where x appears; the indices are in increasing order; note that
# the number of times x appears in b is len(b2j[x]) ...
# when self.isjunk is defined, junk elements don't show up in this
# map at all, which stops the central find_longest_match method
# from starting any matching block at a junk element ...
# b2j also does not contain entries for "popular" elements, meaning
# elements that account for more than 1 + 1% of the total elements, and
# when the sequence is reasonably large (>= 200 elements); this can
# be viewed as an adaptive notion of semi-junk, and yields an enormous
# speedup when, e.g., comparing program files with hundreds of
# instances of "return NULL;" ...
# note that this is only called when b changes; so for cross-product
# kinds of matches, it's best to call set_seq2 once, then set_seq1
# repeatedly
def
__chain_b
(
self
):
# Because isjunk is a user-defined (not C) function, and we test
# for junk a LOT, it's important to minimize the number of calls.
# Before the tricks described here, __chain_b was by far the most
# time-consuming routine in the whole module! If anyone sees
# Jim Roskind, thank him again for profile.py -- I never would
# have guessed that.
# The first trick is to build b2j ignoring the possibility
# of junk. I.e., we don't call isjunk at all yet. Throwing
# out the junk later is much cheaper than building b2j "right"
# from the start.
b
=
self
.
b
self
.
b2j
=
b2j
=
{}
for
i
,
elt
in
enumerate
(
b
):
indices
=
b2j
.
setdefault
(
elt
, [])
indices
.
append
(
i
)
# Purge junk elements
self
.
bjunk
=
junk
=
set
()
isjunk
=
self
.
isjunk
if
isjunk
:
for
elt
in
b2j
.
keys
():
if
isjunk
(
elt
):
junk
.
add
(
elt
)
for
elt
in
junk
:
# separate loop avoids separate list of keys
del
b2j
[
elt
]
# Purge popular elements that are not junk
self
.
bpopular
=
popular
=
set
()
n
=
len
(
b
)
if
self
.
autojunk
and
n
>=
200
:
ntest
=
n
//
100
+
1
for
elt
,
idxs
in
b2j
.
items
():
if
len
(
idxs
)
>
ntest
:
popular
.
add
(
elt
)
for
elt
in
popular
:
# ditto; as fast for 1% deletion
del
b2j
[
elt
]
def
find_longest_match
(
self
,
alo
,
ahi
,
blo
,
bhi
):
"""Find longest matching block in a[alo:ahi] and b[blo:bhi].
If isjunk is not defined:
Return (i,j,k) such that a[i:i+k] is equal to b[j:j+k], where
alo <= i <= i+k <= ahi
blo <= j <= j+k <= bhi
and for all (i',j',k') meeting those conditions,
k >= k'
i <= i'
and if i == i', j <= j'
In other words, of all maximal matching blocks, return one that
starts earliest in a, and of all those maximal matching blocks that
start earliest in a, return the one that starts earliest in b.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, " abcd", "abcd abcd")
>>> s.find_longest_match(0, 5, 0, 9)
Match(a=0, b=4, size=5)
If isjunk is defined, first the longest matching block is
determined as above, but with the additional restriction that no
junk element appears in the block. Then that block is extended as
far as possible by matching (only) junk elements on both sides. So
the resulting block never matches on junk except as identical junk
happens to be adjacent to an "interesting" match.
Here's the same example as before, but considering blanks to be
junk. That prevents " abcd" from matching the " abcd" at the tail
end of the second sequence directly. Instead only the "abcd" can
match, and matches the leftmost "abcd" in the second sequence:
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(lambda x: x==" ", " abcd", "abcd abcd")
>>> s.find_longest_match(0, 5, 0, 9)
Match(a=1, b=0, size=4)
If no blocks match, return (alo, blo, 0).
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, "ab", "c")
>>> s.find_longest_match(0, 2, 0, 1)
Match(a=0, b=0, size=0)
"""
# CAUTION: stripping common prefix or suffix would be incorrect.
# E.g.,
# ab
# acab
# Longest matching block is "ab", but if common prefix is
# stripped, it's "a" (tied with "b"). UNIX(tm) diff does so
# strip, so ends up claiming that ab is changed to acab by
# inserting "ca" in the middle. That's minimal but unintuitive:
# "it's obvious" that someone inserted "ac" at the front.
# Windiff ends up at the same place as diff, but by pairing up
# the unique 'b's and then matching the first two 'a's.
a
,
b
,
b2j
,
isbjunk
=
self
.
a
,
self
.
b
,
self
.
b2j
,
self
.
bjunk
.
__contains__
besti
,
bestj
,
bestsize
=
alo
,
blo
,
0
# find longest junk-free match
# during an iteration of the loop, j2len[j] = length of longest
# junk-free match ending with a[i-1] and b[j]
j2len
=
{}
nothing
=
[]
for
i
in
range
(
alo
,
ahi
):
# look at all instances of a[i] in b; note that because
# b2j has no junk keys, the loop is skipped if a[i] is junk
j2lenget
=
j2len
.
get
newj2len
=
{}
for
j
in
b2j
.
get
(
a
[
i
],
nothing
):
# a[i] matches b[j]
if
j
<
blo
:
continue
if
j
>=
bhi
:
break
k
=
newj2len
[
j
]
=
j2lenget
(
j
-
1
,
0
)
+
1
if
k
>
bestsize
:
besti
,
bestj
,
bestsize
=
i
-
k
+
1
,
j
-
k
+
1
,
k
j2len
=
newj2len
# Extend the best by non-junk elements on each end. In particular,
# "popular" non-junk elements aren't in b2j, which greatly speeds
# the inner loop above, but also means "the best" match so far
# doesn't contain any junk *or* popular non-junk elements.
while
besti
>
alo
and
bestj
>
blo
and
\
not
isbjunk
(
b
[
bestj
-
1
])
and
\
a
[
besti
-
1
]
==
b
[
bestj
-
1
]:
besti
,
bestj
,
bestsize
=
besti
-
1
,
bestj
-
1
,
bestsize
+
1
while
besti
+
bestsize
<
ahi
and
bestj
+
bestsize
<
bhi
and
\
not
isbjunk
(
b
[
bestj
+
bestsize
])
and
\
a
[
besti
+
bestsize
]
==
b
[
bestj
+
bestsize
]:
bestsize
+=
1
# Now that we have a wholly interesting match (albeit possibly
# empty!), we may as well suck up the matching junk on each
# side of it too. Can't think of a good reason not to, and it
# saves post-processing the (possibly considerable) expense of
# figuring out what to do with it. In the case of an empty
# interesting match, this is clearly the right thing to do,
# because no other kind of match is possible in the regions.
while
besti
>
alo
and
bestj
>
blo
and
\
isbjunk
(
b
[
bestj
-
1
])
and
\
a
[
besti
-
1
]
==
b
[
bestj
-
1
]:
besti
,
bestj
,
bestsize
=
besti
-
1
,
bestj
-
1
,
bestsize
+
1
while
besti
+
bestsize
<
ahi
and
bestj
+
bestsize
<
bhi
and
\
isbjunk
(
b
[
bestj
+
bestsize
])
and
\
a
[
besti
+
bestsize
]
==
b
[
bestj
+
bestsize
]:
bestsize
=
bestsize
+
1
return
Match
(
besti
,
bestj
,
bestsize
)
def
get_matching_blocks
(
self
):
"""Return list of triples describing matching subsequences.
Each triple is of the form (i, j, n), and means that
a[i:i+n] == b[j:j+n]. The triples are monotonically increasing in
i and in j. New in Python 2.5, it's also guaranteed that if
(i, j, n) and (i', j', n') are adjacent triples in the list, and
the second is not the last triple in the list, then i+n != i' or
j+n != j'. IOW, adjacent triples never describe adjacent equal
blocks.
The last triple is a dummy, (len(a), len(b), 0), and is the only
triple with n==0.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, "abxcd", "abcd")
>>> list(s.get_matching_blocks())
[Match(a=0, b=0, size=2), Match(a=3, b=2, size=2), Match(a=5, b=4, size=0)]
"""
if
self
.
matching_blocks
is
not
None
:
return
self
.
matching_blocks
la
,
lb
=
len
(
self
.
a
),
len
(
self
.
b
)
# This is most naturally expressed as a recursive algorithm, but
# at least one user bumped into extreme use cases that exceeded
# the recursion limit on their box. So, now we maintain a list
# ('queue`) of blocks we still need to look at, and append partial
# results to `matching_blocks` in a loop; the matches are sorted
# at the end.
queue
=
[(
0
,
la
,
0
,
lb
)]
matching_blocks
=
[]
while
queue
:
alo
,
ahi
,
blo
,
bhi
=
queue
.
pop
()
i
,
j
,
k
=
x
=
self
.
find_longest_match
(
alo
,
ahi
,
blo
,
bhi
)
# a[alo:i] vs b[blo:j] unknown
# a[i:i+k] same as b[j:j+k]
# a[i+k:ahi] vs b[j+k:bhi] unknown
if
k
:
# if k is 0, there was no matching block
matching_blocks
.
append
(
x
)
if
alo
<
i
and
blo
<
j
:
queue
.
append
((
alo
,
i
,
blo
,
j
))
if
i
+
k
<
ahi
and
j
+
k
<
bhi
:
queue
.
append
((
i
+
k
,
ahi
,
j
+
k
,
bhi
))
matching_blocks
.
sort
()
# It's possible that we have adjacent equal blocks in the
# matching_blocks list now. Starting with 2.5, this code was added
# to collapse them.
i1
=
j1
=
k1
=
0
non_adjacent
=
[]
for
i2
,
j2
,
k2
in
matching_blocks
:
# Is this block adjacent to i1, j1, k1?
if
i1
+
k1
==
i2
and
j1
+
k1
==
j2
:
# Yes, so collapse them -- this just increases the length of
# the first block by the length of the second, and the first
# block so lengthened remains the block to compare against.
k1
+=
k2
else
:
# Not adjacent. Remember the first block (k1==0 means it's
# the dummy we started with), and make the second block the
# new block to compare against.
if
k1
:
non_adjacent
.
append
((
i1
,
j1
,
k1
))
i1
,
j1
,
k1
=
i2
,
j2
,
k2
if
k1
:
non_adjacent
.
append
((
i1
,
j1
,
k1
))
non_adjacent
.
append
( (
la
,
lb
,
0
) )
self
.
matching_blocks
=
list
(
map
(
Match
.
_make
,
non_adjacent
))
return
self
.
matching_blocks
def
get_opcodes
(
self
):
"""Return list of 5-tuples describing how to turn a into b.
Each tuple is of the form (tag, i1, i2, j1, j2). The first tuple
has i1 == j1 == 0, and remaining tuples have i1 == the i2 from the
tuple preceding it, and likewise for j1 == the previous j2.
The tags are strings, with these meanings:
'replace': a[i1:i2] should be replaced by b[j1:j2]
'delete': a[i1:i2] should be deleted.
Note that j1==j2 in this case.
'insert': b[j1:j2] should be inserted at a[i1:i1].
Note that i1==i2 in this case.
'equal': a[i1:i2] == b[j1:j2]
>>> a = "qabxcd"
>>> b = "abycdf"
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, a, b)
>>> for tag, i1, i2, j1, j2 in s.get_opcodes():
... print(("%7s a[%d:%d] (%s) b[%d:%d] (%s)" %
... (tag, i1, i2, a[i1:i2], j1, j2, b[j1:j2])))
delete a[0:1] (q) b[0:0] ()
equal a[1:3] (ab) b[0:2] (ab)
replace a[3:4] (x) b[2:3] (y)
equal a[4:6] (cd) b[3:5] (cd)
insert a[6:6] () b[5:6] (f)
"""
if
self
.
opcodes
is
not
None
:
return
self
.
opcodes
i
=
j
=
0
self
.
opcodes
=
answer
=
[]
for
ai
,
bj
,
size
in
self
.
get_matching_blocks
():
# invariant: we've pumped out correct diffs to change
# a[:i] into b[:j], and the next matching block is
# a[ai:ai+size] == b[bj:bj+size]. So we need to pump
# out a diff to change a[i:ai] into b[j:bj], pump out
# the matching block, and move (i,j) beyond the match
tag
=
''
if
i
<
ai
and
j
<
bj
:
tag
=
'replace'
elif
i
<
ai
:
tag
=
'delete'
elif
j
<
bj
:
tag
=
'insert'
if
tag
:
answer
.
append
( (
tag
,
i
,
ai
,
j
,
bj
) )
i
,
j
=
ai
+
size
,
bj
+
size
# the list of matching blocks is terminated by a
# sentinel with size 0
if
size
:
answer
.
append
( (
'equal'
,
ai
,
i
,
bj
,
j
) )
return
answer
def
get_grouped_opcodes
(
self
,
n
=
3
):
""" Isolate change clusters by eliminating ranges with no changes.
Return a generator of groups with up to n lines of context.
Each group is in the same format as returned by get_opcodes().
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> a = list(map(str, range(1,40)))
>>> b = a[:]
>>> b[8:8] = ['i'] # Make an insertion
>>> b[20] += 'x' # Make a replacement
>>> b[23:28] = [] # Make a deletion
>>> b[30] += 'y' # Make another replacement
>>> pprint(list(SequenceMatcher(None,a,b).get_grouped_opcodes()))
[[('equal', 5, 8, 5, 8), ('insert', 8, 8, 8, 9), ('equal', 8, 11, 9, 12)],
[('equal', 16, 19, 17, 20),
('replace', 19, 20, 20, 21),
('equal', 20, 22, 21, 23),
('delete', 22, 27, 23, 23),
('equal', 27, 30, 23, 26)],
[('equal', 31, 34, 27, 30),
('replace', 34, 35, 30, 31),
('equal', 35, 38, 31, 34)]]
"""
codes
=
self
.
get_opcodes
()
if
not
codes
:
codes
=
[(
"equal"
,
0
,
1
,
0
,
1
)]
# Fixup leading and trailing groups if they show no changes.
if
codes
[
0
][
0
]
==
'equal'
:
tag
,
i1
,
i2
,
j1
,
j2
=
codes
[
0
]
codes
[
0
]
=
tag
,
max
(
i1
,
i2
-
n
),
i2
,
max
(
j1
,
j2
-
n
),
j2
if
codes
[
-
1
][
0
]
==
'equal'
:
tag
,
i1
,
i2
,
j1
,
j2
=
codes
[
-
1
]
codes
[
-
1
]
=
tag
,
i1
,
min
(
i2
,
i1
+
n
),
j1
,
min
(
j2
,
j1
+
n
)
nn
=
n
+
n
group
=
[]
for
tag
,
i1
,
i2
,
j1
,
j2
in
codes
:
# End the current group and start a new one whenever
# there is a large range with no changes.
if
tag
==
'equal'
and
i2
-
i1
>
nn
:
group
.
append
((
tag
,
i1
,
min
(
i2
,
i1
+
n
),
j1
,
min
(
j2
,
j1
+
n
)))
yield
group
group
=
[]
i1
,
j1
=
max
(
i1
,
i2
-
n
),
max
(
j1
,
j2
-
n
)
group
.
append
((
tag
,
i1
,
i2
,
j1
,
j2
))
if
group
and
not
(
len
(
group
)
==
1
and
group
[
0
][
0
]
==
'equal'
):
yield
group
def
ratio
(
self
):
"""Return a measure of the sequences' similarity (float in [0,1]).
Where T is the total number of elements in both sequences, and
M is the number of matches, this is 2.0*M / T.
Note that this is 1 if the sequences are identical, and 0 if
they have nothing in common.
.ratio() is expensive to compute if you haven't already computed
.get_matching_blocks() or .get_opcodes(), in which case you may
want to try .quick_ratio() or .real_quick_ratio() first to get an
upper bound.
>>> s = SequenceMatcher(None, "abcd", "bcde")
>>> s.ratio()
0.75
>>> s.quick_ratio()
0.75
>>> s.real_quick_ratio()
1.0
"""
matches
=
sum
(
triple
[
-
1
]
for
triple
in
self
.
get_matching_blocks
())
return
_calculate_ratio
(
matches
,
len
(
self
.
a
)
+
len
(
self
.
b
))
def
quick_ratio
(
self
):
"""Return an upper bound on ratio() relatively quickly.
This isn't defined beyond that it is an upper bound on .ratio(), and
is faster to compute.
"""
# viewing a and b as multisets, set matches to the cardinality
# of their intersection; this counts the number of matches
# without regard to order, so is clearly an upper bound
if
self
.
fullbcount
is
None
:
self
.
fullbcount
=
fullbcount
=
{}
for
elt
in
self
.
b
:
fullbcount
[
elt
]
=
fullbcount
.
get
(
elt
,
0
)
+
1
fullbcount
=
self
.
fullbcount
# avail[x] is the number of times x appears in 'b' less the
# number of times we've seen it in 'a' so far ... kinda
avail
=
{}
availhas
,
matches
=
avail
.
__contains__
,
0
for
elt
in
self
.
a
:
if
availhas
(
elt
):
numb
=
avail
[
elt
]
else
:
numb
=
fullbcount
.
get
(
elt
,
0
)
avail
[
elt
]
=
numb
-
1
if
numb
>
0
:
matches
=
matches
+
1
return
_calculate_ratio
(
matches
,
len
(
self
.
a
)
+
len
(
self
.
b
))
def
real_quick_ratio
(
self
):
"""Return an upper bound on ratio() very quickly.
This isn't defined beyond that it is an upper bound on .ratio(), and
is faster to compute than either .ratio() or .quick_ratio().
"""
la
,
lb
=
len
(
self
.
a
),
len
(
self
.
b
)
# can't have more matches than the number of elements in the
# shorter sequence
return
_calculate_ratio
(
min
(
la
,
lb
),
la
+
lb
)
def
get_close_matches
(
word
,
possibilities
,
n
=
3
,
cutoff
=
0.6
):
"""Use SequenceMatcher to return list of the best "good enough" matches.
word is a sequence for which close matches are desired (typically a
string).
possibilities is a list of sequences against which to match word
(typically a list of strings).
Optional arg n (default 3) is the maximum number of close matches to
return. n must be > 0.
Optional arg cutoff (default 0.6) is a float in [0, 1]. Possibilities
that don't score at least that similar to word are ignored.
The best (no more than n) matches among the possibilities are returned
in a list, sorted by similarity score, most similar first.
>>> get_close_matches("appel", ["ape", "apple", "peach", "puppy"])
['apple', 'ape']
>>> import keyword as _keyword
>>> get_close_matches("wheel", _keyword.kwlist)
['while']
>>> get_close_matches("Apple", _keyword.kwlist)
[]
>>> get_close_matches("accept", _keyword.kwlist)
['except']
"""
if
not
n
>
0
:
raise
ValueError
(
"n must be > 0: %r"
%
(
n
,))
if
not
0.0
<=
cutoff
<=
1.0
:
raise
ValueError
(
"cutoff must be in [0.0, 1.0]: %r"
%
(
cutoff
,))
result
=
[]
s
=
SequenceMatcher
()
s
.
set_seq2
(
word
)
for
x
in
possibilities
:
s
.
set_seq1
(
x
)
if
s
.
real_quick_ratio
()
>=
cutoff
and
\
s
.
quick_ratio
()
>=
cutoff
and
\
s
.
ratio
()
>=
cutoff
:
result
.
append
((
s
.
ratio
(),
x
))
# Move the best scorers to head of list
result
=
_nlargest
(
n
,
result
)
# Strip scores for the best n matches
return
[
x
for
score
,
x
in
result
]
def
_count_leading
(
line
,
ch
):
"""
Return number of `ch` characters at the start of `line`.
Example:
>>> _count_leading(' abc', ' ')
3
"""
i
,
n
=
0
,
len
(
line
)
while
i
<
n
and
line
[
i
]
==
ch
:
i
+=
1
return
i
class
Differ
:
r"""
Differ is a class for comparing sequences of lines of text, and
producing human-readable differences or deltas. Differ uses
SequenceMatcher both to compare sequences of lines, and to compare
sequences of characters within similar (near-matching) lines.
Each line of a Differ delta begins with a two-letter code:
'- ' line unique to sequence 1
'+ ' line unique to sequence 2
' ' line common to both sequences
'? ' line not present in either input sequence
Lines beginning with '? ' attempt to guide the eye to intraline
differences, and were not present in either input sequence. These lines
can be confusing if the sequences contain tab characters.
Note that Differ makes no claim to produce a *minimal* diff. To the
contrary, minimal diffs are often counter-intuitive, because they synch
up anywhere possible, sometimes accidental matches 100 pages apart.
Restricting synch points to contiguous matches preserves some notion of
locality, at the occasional cost of producing a longer diff.
Example: Comparing two texts.
First we set up the texts, sequences of individual single-line strings
ending with newlines (such sequences can also be obtained from the
`readlines()` method of file-like objects):
>>> text1 = ''' 1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
... 2. Explicit is better than implicit.
... 3. Simple is better than complex.
... 4. Complex is better than complicated.
... '''.splitlines(keepends=True)
>>> len(text1)
4
>>> text1[0][-1]
'\n'
>>> text2 = ''' 1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
... 3. Simple is better than complex.
... 4. Complicated is better than complex.
... 5. Flat is better than nested.
... '''.splitlines(keepends=True)
Next we instantiate a Differ object:
>>> d = Differ()
Note that when instantiating a Differ object we may pass functions to
filter out line and character 'junk'. See Differ.__init__ for details.
Finally, we compare the two:
>>> result = list(d.compare(text1, text2))
'result' is a list of strings, so let's pretty-print it:
>>> from pprint import pprint as _pprint
>>> _pprint(result)
[' 1. Beautiful is better than ugly.\n',
'- 2. Explicit is better than implicit.\n',
'- 3. Simple is better than complex.\n',
'+ 3. Simple is better than complex.\n',
'? ++\n',
'- 4. Complex is better than complicated.\n',
'? ^ ---- ^\n',
'+ 4. Complicated is better than complex.\n',
'? ++++ ^ ^\n',
'+ 5. Flat is better than nested.\n']
As a single multi-line string it looks like this:
>>> print(''.join(result), end="")
1. Beautiful is better than ugly.
- 2. Explicit is better than implicit.
- 3. Simple is better than complex.
+ 3. Simple is better than complex.
? ++
- 4. Complex is better than complicated.
? ^ ---- ^
+ 4. Complicated is better than complex.
? ++++ ^ ^
+ 5. Flat is better than nested.
Methods:
__init__(linejunk=None, charjunk=None)
Construct a text differencer, with optional filters.
compare(a, b)
Compare two sequences of lines; generate the resulting delta.
"""
def
__init__
(
self
,
linejunk
=
None
,
charjunk
=
None
):
"""
Construct a text differencer, with optional filters.
The two optional keyword parameters are for filter functions:
- `linejunk`: A function that should accept a single string argument,
and return true iff the string is junk. The module-level function
`IS_LINE_JUNK` may be used to filter out lines without visible
characters, except for at most one splat ('#'). It is recommended
to leave linejunk None; the underlying SequenceMatcher class has
an adaptive notion of "noise" lines that's better than any static
definition the author has ever been able to craft.
- `charjunk`: A function that should accept a string of length 1. The
module-level function `IS_CHARACTER_JUNK` may be used to filter out
whitespace characters (a blank or tab; **note**: bad idea to include
newline in this!). Use of IS_CHARACTER_JUNK is recommended.
"""
self
.
linejunk
=
linejunk
self
.
charjunk
=
charjunk
def
compare
(
self
,
a
,
b
):
r"""
Compare two sequences of lines; generate the resulting delta.
Each sequence must contain individual single-line strings ending with
newlines. Such sequences can be obtained from the `readlines()` method
of file-like objects. The delta generated also consists of newline-
terminated strings, ready to be printed as-is via the writeline()
method of a file-like object.
Example:
>>> print(''.join(Differ().compare('one\ntwo\nthree\n'.splitlines(True),
... 'ore\ntree\nemu\n'.splitlines(True))),
... end="")
- one
? ^
+ ore
? ^
- two
- three
? -
+ tree
+ emu
"""
cruncher
=
SequenceMatcher
(
self
.
linejunk
,
a
,
b
)
for
tag
,
alo
,
ahi
,
blo
,
bhi
in
cruncher
.
get_opcodes
():
if
tag
==
'replace'
:
g
=
self
.
_fancy_replace
(
a
,
alo
,
ahi
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
)
elif
tag
==
'delete'
:
g
=
self
.
_dump
(
'-'
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
)
elif
tag
==
'insert'
:
g
=
self
.
_dump
(
'+'
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
)
elif
tag
==
'equal'
:
g
=
self
.
_dump
(
' '
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
)
else
:
raise
ValueError
(
'unknown tag %r'
%
(
tag
,))
yield
from
g
def
_dump
(
self
,
tag
,
x
,
lo
,
hi
):
"""Generate comparison results for a same-tagged range."""
for
i
in
range
(
lo
,
hi
):
yield
'%s %s'
%
(
tag
,
x
[
i
])
def
_plain_replace
(
self
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
):
assert
alo
<
ahi
and
blo
<
bhi
# dump the shorter block first -- reduces the burden on short-term
# memory if the blocks are of very different sizes
if
bhi
-
blo
<
ahi
-
alo
:
first
=
self
.
_dump
(
'+'
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
)
second
=
self
.
_dump
(
'-'
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
)
else
:
first
=
self
.
_dump
(
'-'
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
)
second
=
self
.
_dump
(
'+'
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
)
for
g
in
first
,
second
:
yield
from
g
def
_fancy_replace
(
self
,
a
,
alo
,
ahi
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
):
r"""
When replacing one block of lines with another, search the blocks
for *similar* lines; the best-matching pair (if any) is used as a
synch point, and intraline difference marking is done on the
similar pair. Lots of work, but often worth it.
Example:
>>> d = Differ()
>>> results = d._fancy_replace(['abcDefghiJkl\n'], 0, 1,
... ['abcdefGhijkl\n'], 0, 1)
>>> print(''.join(results), end="")
- abcDefghiJkl
? ^ ^ ^
+ abcdefGhijkl
? ^ ^ ^
"""
# don't synch up unless the lines have a similarity score of at
# least cutoff; best_ratio tracks the best score seen so far
best_ratio
,
cutoff
=
0.74
,
0.75
cruncher
=
SequenceMatcher
(
self
.
charjunk
)
eqi
,
eqj
=
None
,
None
# 1st indices of equal lines (if any)
# search for the pair that matches best without being identical
# (identical lines must be junk lines, & we don't want to synch up
# on junk -- unless we have to)
for
j
in
range
(
blo
,
bhi
):
bj
=
b
[
j
]
cruncher
.
set_seq2
(
bj
)
for
i
in
range
(
alo
,
ahi
):
ai
=
a
[
i
]
if
ai
==
bj
:
if
eqi
is
None
:
eqi
,
eqj
=
i
,
j
continue
cruncher
.
set_seq1
(
ai
)
# computing similarity is expensive, so use the quick
# upper bounds first -- have seen this speed up messy
# compares by a factor of 3.
# note that ratio() is only expensive to compute the first
# time it's called on a sequence pair; the expensive part
# of the computation is cached by cruncher
if
cruncher
.
real_quick_ratio
()
>
best_ratio
and
\
cruncher
.
quick_ratio
()
>
best_ratio
and
\
cruncher
.
ratio
()
>
best_ratio
:
best_ratio
,
best_i
,
best_j
=
cruncher
.
ratio
(),
i
,
j
if
best_ratio
<
cutoff
:
# no non-identical "pretty close" pair
if
eqi
is
None
:
# no identical pair either -- treat it as a straight replace
yield
from
self
.
_plain_replace
(
a
,
alo
,
ahi
,
b
,
blo
,
bhi
)
return
# no close pair, but an identical pair -- synch up on that
best_i
,
best_j
,
best_ratio
=
eqi
,
eqj
,
1.0
else
:
# there's a close pair, so forget the identical pair (if any)
eqi
=
None
# a[best_i] very similar to b[best_j]; eqi is None iff they're not
# identical
# pump out diffs from before the synch point
yield
from
self
.
_fancy_helper
(
a
,
alo
,
best_i
,
b
,
blo
,
best_j
)
# do intraline marking on the synch pair
aelt
,
belt
=
a
[
best_i
],
b
[
best_j
]
if
eqi
is
None
:
# pump out a '-', '?', '+', '?' quad for the synched lines
atags
=
btags
=
""
cruncher
.
set_seqs
(
aelt
,
belt
)
for
tag
,
ai1
,
ai2
,
bj1
,
bj2
in
cruncher
.
get_opcodes
():
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