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\input
texinfo
@c
-*-texinfo-*-
@c
%**start of header
@setfilename
gnuplot.info
@settitle
Gnuplot:
An
Interactive
Plotting
Program
@setchapternewpage
odd
@c
%**end of header
@c
define the command and options indeces
@defindex
cm
@defindex
op
@defindex
tm
@direntry
*
GNUPLOT
: (
gnuplot
).
An Interactive Plotting Program
@end direntry
@ifnottex
@node
Top
,
gnuplot
,
(dir)
,
(dir)
@top
Master Menu
@end ifnottex
@example
GNUPLOT
An Interactive Plotting Program
Thomas Williams & Colin Kelley
Version 3.7 organized by: David Denholm
Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1998 Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
Mailing list for comments: info-gnuplot
@@
dartmouth.edu
Mailing list for bug reports: bug-gnuplot
@@
dartmouth.edu
This manual was prepared by Dick Crawford
3 December 1998
Major contributors (alphabetic order):
@end example
@c
^ <h2> An Interactive Plotting Program </h2><p>
@c
^ <h2> Thomas Williams & Colin Kelley</h2><p>
@c
^ <h2> Version 3.7 organized by: David Denholm </h2><p>
@c
^ <h2>Major contributors (alphabetic order):</h2>
@itemize
@bullet
@item
Hans-Bernhard Broeker
@item
John Campbell
@item
Robert Cunningham
@item
David Denholm
@item
Gershon Elber
@item
Roger Fearick
@item
Carsten Grammes
@item
Lucas Hart
@item
Lars Hecking
@item
Thomas Koenig
@item
David Kotz
@item
Ed Kubaitis
@item
Russell Lang
@item
Alexander Lehmann
@item
Alexander Mai
@item
Carsten Steger
@item
Tom Tkacik
@item
Jos Van der Woude
@item
James R. Van Zandt
@item
Alex Woo
@end itemize
@c
^<h2> Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1998 Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley<p>
@c
^ Mailing list for comments: info-gnuplot@@dartmouth.edu <p>
@c
^ Mailing list for bug reports: bug-gnuplot@@dartmouth.edu<p>
@c
^</h2><p>
@c
^<h3> This manual was prepared by Dick Crawford</h3><p>
@c
^<h3> 3 December 1998</h3><p>
@c
^<hr>
@menu
*
gnuplot
::
*
Commands
::
*
Graphical_User_Interfaces
::
*
Bugs
::
*
Concept_Index
::
*
Command_Index
::
*
Options_Index
::
*
Function_Index
::
*
Terminal_Index
::
@end menu
@node
gnuplot
,
Commands
,
Top
,
Top
@chapter
gnuplot
@menu
*
Copyright
::
*
Introduction
::
*
Seeking-assistance
::
*
What's_New_in_version_3.7
::
*
bind
::
*
Batch/Interactive_Operation
::
*
Command-line-editing
::
*
Comments
::
*
Coordinates
::
*
Environment
::
*
Expressions
::
*
Glossary
::
*
Plotting
::
*
Start-up
::
*
Substitution
::
*
Syntax
::
*
Time/Date_data
::
@end menu
@node
Copyright
,
Introduction
,
gnuplot
,
gnuplot
@section
Copyright
@cindex
copyright
@cindex
license
@example
Copyright (C) 1986 - 1993, 1998 Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley
@end example
Permission to use, copy, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose with or without fee is hereby granted,
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear
in supporting documentation.
Permission to modify the software is granted, but not the right to
distribute the complete modified source code. Modifications are to
be distributed as patches to the released version. Permission to
distribute binaries produced by compiling modified sources is granted,
provided you
@example
1. distribute the corresponding source modifications from the
released version in the form of a patch file along with the binaries,
2. add special version identification to distinguish your version
in addition to the base release version number,
3. provide your name and address as the primary contact for the
support of your modified version, and
4. retain our contact information in regard to use of the base
software.
@end example
Permission to distribute the released version of the source code along
with corresponding source modifications in the form of a patch file is
granted with same provisions 2 through 4 for binary distributions.
This software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty
to the extent permitted by applicable law.
@example
AUTHORS
@end example
@example
Original Software:
Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley.
@end example
@example
Gnuplot 2.0 additions:
Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John Campbell.
@end example
@example
Gnuplot 3.0 additions:
Gershon Elber and many others.
@end example
@node
Introduction
,
Seeking-assistance
,
Copyright
,
gnuplot
@section
Introduction
@cindex
introduction
@c
?
`gnuplot` is a command-driven interactive function and data plotting program.
It is case sensitive (commands and function names written in lowercase are
not the same as those written in CAPS). All command names may be abbreviated
as long as the abbreviation is not ambiguous. Any number of commands may
appear on a line (with the exception that `load` or
@ref
{
call
} must be the final
command), separated by semicolons (;). Strings are indicated with quotes.
They may be either single or double quotation marks, e.g.,
@example
load "filename"
cd 'dir'
@end example
although there are some subtle differences (see `syntax` for more details).
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing
`gnuplot` commands, with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are
processed first. Each file is loaded with the `load` command, in the order
specified. `gnuplot` exits after the last file is processed. When no load
files are named, `gnuplot` enters into an interactive mode. The special
filename "-" is used to denote standard input. See "help batch/interactive"
for more details.
Many `gnuplot` commands have multiple options. These options must appear in
the proper order, although unwanted ones may be omitted in most cases. Thus
if the entire command is "command a b c", then "command a c" will probably
work, but "command c a" will fail.
Commands may extend over several input lines by ending each line but the last
with a backslash (\). The backslash must be the _last_ character on each
line. The effect is as if the backslash and newline were not there. That
is, no white space is implied, nor is a comment terminated. Therefore,
commenting out a continued line comments out the entire command (see
`comment`). But note that if an error occurs somewhere on a multi-line
command, the parser may not be able to locate precisely where the error is
and in that case will not necessarily point to the correct line.
In this document, curly braces (
@{@}
) denote optional arguments and a vertical
bar (|) separates mutually exclusive choices. `gnuplot` keywords or
@ref
{
help
}
topics are indicated by backquotes or `boldface` (where available). Angle
brackets (<>) are used to mark replaceable tokens. In many cases, a default
value of the token will be taken for optional arguments if the token is
omitted, but these cases are not always denoted with braces around the angle
brackets.
For on-line help on any topic, type
@ref
{
help
} followed by the name of the topic
or just
@ref
{
help
} or `?` to get a menu of available topics.
The new `gnuplot` user should begin by reading about `plotting` (if on-line,
type `help plotting`).
@uref
{
http://www.nas.nasa.gov/~woo/gnuplot/simple/simple.html
,
Simple
Plots
Demo
}
@node
Seeking-assistance
,
What's_New_in_version_3.7
,
Introduction
,
gnuplot
@section
Seeking-assistance
@cindex
seeking-assistance
There is a mailing list for `gnuplot` users. Note, however, that the
newsgroup
@example
comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot
@end example
is identical to the mailing list (they both carry the same set of messages).
We prefer that you read the messages through the newsgroup rather than
subscribing to the mailing list. Administrative requests should be sent to
@example
majordomo
@@
dartmouth.edu
@end example
Send a message with the body (not the subject) consisting of the single word
"help" (without the quotes) for more details.
The address for mailing to list members is:
@example
info-gnuplot
@@
dartmouth.edu
@end example
Bug reports and code contributions should be mailed to:
@example
bug-gnuplot
@@
dartmouth.edu
@end example
The list of those interested in beta-test versions is:
@example
info-gnuplot-beta
@@
dartmouth.edu
@end example
There is also a World Wide Web page with up-to-date information, including
known bugs:
@uref
{
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html
,
http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html
}
Before seeking help, please check the
@uref
{
http://www.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq.html
,
FAQ
(Frequently
Asked
Questions)
list.
}
If you do not have a copy of the FAQ, you may request a copy by email from
the Majordomo address above, ftp a copy from
@example
ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu/pub/gnuplot
@end example
or see the WWW `gnuplot` page.
When posting a question, please include full details of the version of
`gnuplot`, the machine, and operating system you are using. A _small_ script
demonstrating the problem may be useful. Function plots are preferable to
datafile plots. If email-ing to info-gnuplot, please state whether or not
you are subscribed to the list, so that users who use news will know to email
a reply to you. There is a form for such postings on the WWW site.
@node
What's_New_in_version_3.7
,
bind
,
Seeking-assistance
,
gnuplot
@section
What's New in version 3.7
@cindex
new-features
Gnuplot version 3.7 contains many new features. This section gives a partial
list and links to the new items in no particular order.
1. `fit f(x) 'file' via` uses the Marquardt-Levenberg method to fit data.
(This is only slightly different from the `gnufit` patch available for 3.5.)
2. Greatly expanded
@ref
{
using
} command. See
@ref
{
using
}.
3.
@ref
{
timefmt
} allows for the use of dates as input and output for time
series plots. See `Time/Date data` and
@uref
{
http://www.nas.nasa.gov/~woo/gnuplot/timefmt/timefmt.html
,
timedat.dem.
}
4. Multiline labels and font selection in some drivers.
5. Minor (unlabeled) tics. See
@ref
{
mxtics
}.
6.
@ref
{
key
} options for moving the key box in the page (and even outside of the
plot), putting a title on it and a box around it, and more. See
@ref
{
key
}.
7. Multiplots on a single logical page with
@ref
{
multiplot
}.
8. Enhanced `postscript` driver with super/subscripts and font changes.
(This was a separate driver (`enhpost`) that was available as a patch for
3.5.)
9. Second axes: use the top and right axes independently of the bottom and
left, both for plotting and labels. See
@ref
{
plot
}.
10. Special datafile names `'-'` and `""`. See
@ref
{
special-filenames
}.
11. Additional coordinate systems for labels and arrows. See `coordinates`.
12.
@ref
{
size
} can try to plot with a specified aspect ratio.
13.
@ref
{
missing
} now treats missing data correctly.
14. The
@ref
{
call
} command: `load` with arguments.
15. More flexible `range` commands with `reverse`, `writeback`, and `restore`
keywords.
16.
@ref
{
encoding
} for multi-lingual encoding.
17. New `x11` driver with persistent and multiple windows.
18. New plotting styles:
@ref
{
xerrorbars
},
@ref
{
errorlines
},
@ref
{
yerrorlines
},
@ref
{
xerrorlines
},
@ref
{
xyerrorlines
},
@ref
{
histeps
},
@ref
{
financebars
} and more.
See
@ref
{
style
}.
19. New tic label formats, including `"%l %L"` which uses the mantissa and
exponents to a given base for labels. See `set format`.
20. New drivers, including `cgm` for inclusion into MS-Office applications
and `gif` for serving plots to the WEB.
21. Smoothing and spline-fitting options for
@ref
{
plot
}. See
@ref
{
smooth
}.
22.
@ref
{
margin
} and
@ref
{
origin
} give much better control over where a
graph appears on the page.
23.
@ref
{
border
} now controls each border individually.
24. The new commands
@ref
{
if
} and
@ref
{
reread
} allow command loops.
25. Point styles and sizes, line types and widths can be specified on the
@ref
{
plot
} command. Line types and widths can also be specified for grids,
borders, tics and arrows. See
@ref
{
with
}. Furthermore these types may be
combined and stored for further use. See `set style line`.
26. Text (labels, tic labels, and the time stamp) can be written vertically
by those terminals capable of doing so.
@node
bind
,
Batch/Interactive_Operation
,
What's_New_in_version_3.7
,
gnuplot
@section
bind
@c
?commands bind
@cindex
bind
The
@ref
{
bind
} command allows to (re-)define a sequence of gnuplot commands
which will be executed when a certain key or key sequence is pressed
while the driver's window has the input focus.
Note that
@ref
{
bind
} is only available if gnuplot was compiled with mouse
support and it is used by all mouse-capable terminals.
Bindings overwrite the builtin bindings (like in every real editor),
except <space> and 'q' which cannot be rebound.
Mouse Buttons cannot be rebound.
Note that multikey-bindings with modifiers have to be quoted.
Syntax:
@example
bind [<key-sequence>] ["<gnuplot commands>"]
bind!
@end example
Examples:
- set bindings:
@example
bind a "replot"
bind "ctrl-a" "plot x*x"
bind "ctrl-alt-a" 'print "great"'
bind Home "set view 60,30; replot"
@end example
- show bindings:
@example
bind "ctrl-a" # shows the binding for ctrl-a
bind # shows all bindings
@end example
- remove bindings:
@example
bind "ctrl-alt-a" "" # removes binding for ctrl-alt-a
(note that builtins cannot be removed)
bind! # installs default (builtin) bindings
@end example
- bind a key to toggle something:
@example
v=0
bind "ctrl-r" "v=v+1;if(v%2)set term x11 noraise; else set term x11 raise"
@end example
Modifiers (ctrl / alt) are case insensitive, keys not:
@example
ctrl-alt-a == CtRl-alT-a
ctrl-alt-a != ctrl-alt-A
@end example
List of modifiers (alt == meta):
@example
ctrl, alt
@end example
List of supported special keys:
@example
"BackSpace", "Tab", "Linefeed", "Clear", "Return", "Pause", "Scroll_Lock",
"Sys_Req", "Escape", "Delete", "Home", "Left", "Up", "Right", "Down",
"PageUp", "PageDown", "End", "Begin",
@end example
@example
"KP_Space", "KP_Tab", "KP_Enter", "KP_F1", "KP_F2", "KP_F3", "KP_F4",
"KP_Home", "KP_Left", "KP_Up", "KP_Right", "KP_Down", "KP_PageUp",
"KP_PageDown", "KP_End", "KP_Begin", "KP_Insert", "KP_Delete", "KP_Equal",
"KP_Multiply", "KP_Add", "KP_Separator", "KP_Subtract", "KP_Decimal",
"KP_Divide",
@end example
@example
"KP_1" - "KP_9", "F1" - "F12"
@end example
see also
@ref
{
mouse
} and
@ref
{
if
}.
@node
Batch/Interactive_Operation
,
Command-line-editing
,
bind
,
gnuplot
@section
Batch/Interactive Operation
@cindex
batch/interactive
`gnuplot` may be executed in either batch or interactive modes, and the two
may even be mixed together on many systems.
Any command-line arguments are assumed to be names of files containing
`gnuplot` commands (with the exception of standard X11 arguments, which are
processed first). Each file is loaded with the `load` command, in the order
specified. `gnuplot` exits after the last file is processed. When no load
files are named, `gnuplot` enters into an interactive mode. The special
filename "-" is used to denote standard input.
Both the
@ref
{
exit
} and
@ref
{
quit
} commands terminate the current command file and
`load` the next one, until all have been processed.
Examples:
To launch an interactive session:
@example
gnuplot
@end example
To launch a batch session using two command files "input1" and "input2":
@example
gnuplot input1 input2
@end example
To launch an interactive session after an initialization file "header" and
followed by another command file "trailer":
@example
gnuplot header - trailer
@end example
@node
Command-line-editing
,
Comments
,
Batch/Interactive_Operation
,
gnuplot
@section
Command-line-editing
@cindex
line-editing
@cindex
editing
@cindex
history
@cindex
command-line-editing
Command-line editing is supported by the Unix, Atari, VMS, MS-DOS and OS/2
versions of `gnuplot`. Also, a history mechanism allows previous commands to
be edited and re-executed. After the command line has been edited, a newline
or carriage return will enter the entire line without regard to where the
cursor is positioned.
(The readline function in `gnuplot` is not the same as the readline used in
GNU Bash and GNU Emacs. If the GNU version is desired, it may be selected
instead of the `gnuplot` version at compile time.)
The editing commands are as follows:
@example
`Line-editing`:
@end example
@example
^B moves back a single character.
^F moves forward a single character.
^A moves to the beginning of the line.
^E moves to the end of the line.
^H and DEL delete the previous character.
^D deletes the current character.
^K deletes from current position to the end of line.
^L,^R redraws line in case it gets trashed.
^U deletes the entire line.
^W deletes the last word.
@end example
@example
`History`:
@end example
@example
^P moves back through history.
^N moves forward through history.
@end example
On the IBM PC, the use of a TSR program such as DOSEDIT or CED may be desired
for line editing. The default makefile assumes that this is the case; by
default `gnuplot` will be compiled with no line-editing capability. If you
want to use `gnuplot`'s line editing, set READLINE in the makefile and add
readline.obj to the link file. The following arrow keys may be used on the
IBM PC and Atari versions if readline is used:
@example
Left Arrow - same as ^B.
Right Arrow - same as ^F.
Ctrl Left Arrow - same as ^A.
Ctrl Right Arrow - same as ^E.
Up Arrow - same as ^P.
Down Arrow - same as ^N.
@end example
The Atari version of readline defines some additional key aliases:
@example
Undo - same as ^L.
Home - same as ^A.
Ctrl Home - same as ^E.
Esc - same as ^U.
Help -
@ref
{
help
} plus return.
Ctrl Help - `help `.
@end example
@node
Comments
,
Coordinates
,
Command-line-editing
,
gnuplot
@section
Comments
@cindex
comments
Comments are supported as follows: a `#` may appear in most places in a line
and `gnuplot` will ignore the rest of the line. It will not have this effect
inside quotes, inside numbers (including complex numbers), inside command
substitutions, etc. In short, it works anywhere it makes sense to work.
@node
Coordinates
,
Environment
,
Comments
,
gnuplot
@section
Coordinates
@cindex
coordinates
The commands
@ref
{
arrow
},
@ref
{
key
}, and
@ref
{
label
} allow you to draw
something at an arbitrary position on the graph. This position is specified
by the syntax:
@example
@{
<system>
@}
<x>,
@{
<system>
@}
<y>
@{
,
@{
<system>
@}
<z>
@}
@end example
Each <system> can either be `first`, `second`, `graph` or `screen`.
`first` places the x, y, or z coordinate in the system defined by the left
and bottom axes; `second` places it in the system defined by the second axes
(top and right); `graph` specifies the area within the axes
---
0,0 is bottom
left and 1,1 is top right (for splot, 0,0,0 is bottom left of plotting area;
use negative z to get to the base
---
see
@ref
{
ticslevel
}); and `screen`
specifies the screen area (the entire area
---
not just the portion selected by
@ref
{
size
}), with 0,0 at bottom left and 1,1 at top right.
If the coordinate system for x is not specified, `first` is used. If the
system for y is not specified, the one used for x is adopted.
If one (or more) axis is timeseries, the appropriate coordinate should
be given as a quoted time string according to the
@ref
{
timefmt
} format string.
See
@ref
{
xdata
} and
@ref
{
timefmt
}. `gnuplot` will also accept an integer
expression, which will be interpreted as seconds from 1 January 2000.
@node
Environment
,
Expressions
,
Coordinates
,
gnuplot
@section
Environment
@cindex
environment
A number of shell environment variables are understood by `gnuplot`. None of
these are required, but may be useful.
If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to be
used. This overrides any terminal type sensed by `gnuplot` on start-up, but
is itself overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up file (see
`start-up`) and, of course, by later explicit changes.
On Unix, AmigaOS, AtariTOS, MS-DOS and OS/2, GNUHELP may be defined to be the
pathname of the HELP file (gnuplot.gih).
On VMS, the logical name GNUPLOT$HELP should be defined as the name of the
help library for `gnuplot`. The `gnuplot` help can be put inside any system
help library, allowing access to help from both within and outside `gnuplot`
if desired.
On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for a .gnuplot
file if none is found in the current directory. On AmigaOS, AtariTOS,
MS-DOS and OS/2, gnuplot is used. On VMS, SYS$LOGIN: is used. See `help
start-up`.
On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages.
On Unix, AtariTOS and AmigaOS, SHELL is used for the
@ref
{
shell
} command. On
MS-DOS and OS/2, COMSPEC is used for the
@ref
{
shell
} command.
On MS-DOS, if the BGI or Watcom interface is used, PCTRM is used to tell
the maximum resolution supported by your monitor by setting it to
S<max. horizontal resolution>. E.g. if your monitor's maximum resolution is
800x600, then use:
@example
set PCTRM=S800
@end example
If PCTRM is not set, standard VGA is used.
FIT_SCRIPT may be used to specify a `gnuplot` command to be executed when a
fit is interrupted
---
see `fit`. FIT_LOG specifies the filename of the
logfile maintained by fit.
GNUPLOT_LIB may be used to define additional search directories for data
and command files. The variable may contain a single directory name, or
a list of directories separated by a platform-specific path separator,
eg. ':' on Unix, or ';' on DOS/Windows/OS/2/Amiga platforms. The contents
of GNUPLOT_LIB are appended to the
@ref
{
loadpath
} variable, but not saved
with the
@ref
{
save
} and `save set` commands.
@node
Expressions
,
Glossary
,
Environment
,
gnuplot
@section
Expressions
@cindex
expressions
In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN, Pascal, or
BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is determined by the
specifications of the C programming language. White space (spaces and tabs)
is ignored inside expressions.
Complex constants are expressed as
@{
<real>,<imag>
@}
, where <real> and <imag>
must be numerical constants. For example,
@{
3,2
@}
represents 3 + 2i;
@{
0,1
@}
represents 'i' itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here.
Note that gnuplot uses both "real" and "integer" arithmetic, like FORTRAN and
C. Integers are entered as "1", "-10", etc; reals as "1.0", "-10.0", "1e1",
3.5e-1, etc. The most important difference between the two forms is in
division: division of integers truncates: 5/2 = 2; division of reals does
not: 5.0/2.0 = 2.5. In mixed expressions, integers are "promoted" to reals
before evaluation: 5/2e0 = 2.5. The result of division of a negative integer
by a positive one may vary among compilers. Try a test like "print -5/2" to
determine if your system chooses -2 or -3 as the answer.
The integer expression "1/0" may be used to generate an "undefined" flag,
which causes a point to ignored; the `ternary` operator gives an example.
The real and imaginary parts of complex expressions are always real, whatever
the form in which they are entered: in
@{
3,2
@}
the "3" and "2" are reals, not
integers.
@menu
*
Functions
::
*
Operators
::
*
User-defined
::
@end menu
@node
Functions
,
Operators
,
Expressions
,
Expressions
@subsection
Functions
@c
?expressions functions
@cindex
functions
@opindex
functions
The functions in `gnuplot` are the same as the corresponding functions in
the Unix math library, except that all functions accept integer, real, and
complex arguments, unless otherwise noted.
For those functions that accept or return angles that may be given in either
degrees or radians (sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), asin(x), acos(x), atan(x),
atan2(x) and arg(z)), the unit may be selected by
@ref
{
angles
}, which
defaults to radians.
@menu
*
abs
::
*
acos
::
*
acosh
::
*
arg
::
*
asin
::
*
asinh
::
*
atan
::
*
atan2
::
*
atanh
::
*
besj0
::
*
besj1
::
*
besy0
::
*
besy1
::
*
ceil
::
*
cos
::
*
cosh
::
*
erf
::
*
erfc
::
*
exp
::
*
floor
::
*
gamma
::
*
ibeta
::
*
inverf
::
*
igamma
::
*
imag
::
*
invnorm
::
*
int
::
*
lgamma
::
*
log
::
*
log10
::
*
norm
::
*
rand
::
*
real
::
*
sgn
::
*
sin
::
*
sinh
::
*
sqrt
::
*
tan
::
*
tanh
::
*
column
::
*
tm_hour
::
*
tm_mday
::
*
tm_min
::
*
tm_mon
::
*
tm_sec
::
*
tm_wday
::
*
tm_yday
::
*
tm_year
::
*
valid
::
@end menu
@node
abs
,
acos
,
Functions
,
Functions
@subsubsection
abs
@c
?expressions functions abs
@c
?functions abs
@cindex
abs
@findex
abs
The `abs(x)` function returns the absolute value of its argument. The
returned value is of the same type as the argument.
For complex arguments, abs(x) is defined as the length of x in the complex
plane [i.e., sqrt(real(x)**2 + imag(x)**2) ].
@node
acos
,
acosh
,
abs
,
Functions
@subsubsection
acos
@c
?expressions functions acos
@c
?functions acos
@cindex
acos
@findex
acos
The `acos(x)` function returns the arc cosine (inverse cosine) of its
argument. `acos` returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by
@ref
{
angles
}.
@node
acosh
,
arg
,
acos
,
Functions
@subsubsection
acosh
@c
?expressions functions acosh
@c
?functions acosh
@cindex
acosh
@findex
acosh
The `acosh(x)` function returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of its argument
in radians.
@node
arg
,
asin
,
acosh
,
Functions
@subsubsection
arg
@c
?expressions functions arg
@c
?functions arg
@cindex
arg
@findex
arg
The `arg(x)` function returns the phase of a complex number in radians or
degrees, as selected by
@ref
{
angles
}.
@node
asin
,
asinh
,
arg
,
Functions
@subsubsection
asin
@c
?expressions functions asin
@c
?functions asin
@cindex
asin
@findex
asin
The `asin(x)` function returns the arc sin (inverse sin) of its argument.
`asin` returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by
@ref
{
angles
}.
@node
asinh
,
atan
,
asin
,
Functions
@subsubsection
asinh
@c
?expressions functions asinh
@c
?functions asinh
@cindex
asinh
@findex
asinh
The `asinh(x)` function returns the inverse hyperbolic sin of its argument in
radians.
@node
atan
,
atan2
,
asinh
,
Functions
@subsubsection
atan
@c
?expressions functions atan
@c
?functions atan
@cindex
atan
@findex
atan
The `atan(x)` function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of its
argument. `atan` returns its argument in radians or degrees, as selected by
@ref
{
angles
}.
@node
atan2
,
atanh
,
atan
,
Functions
@subsubsection
atan2
@c
?expressions functions atan2
@c
?functions atan2
@cindex
atan2
@findex
atan2
The `atan2(y,x)` function returns the arc tangent (inverse tangent) of the
ratio of the real parts of its arguments.
@ref
{
atan2
} returns its argument in
radians or degrees, as selected by
@ref
{
angles
}, in the correct quadrant.
@node
atanh
,
besj0
,
atan2
,
Functions
@subsubsection
atanh
@c
?expressions functions atanh
@c
?functions atanh
@cindex
atanh
@findex
atanh
The `atanh(x)` function returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of its
argument in radians.
@node
besj0
,
besj1
,
atanh
,
Functions
@subsubsection
besj0
@c
?expressions functions besj0
@c
?functions besj0
@cindex
besj0
@findex
besj0
The `besj0(x)` function returns the j0th Bessel function of its argument.
@ref
{
besj0
} expects its argument to be in radians.
@node
besj1
,
besy0
,
besj0
,
Functions
@subsubsection
besj1
@c
?expressions functions besj1
@c
?functions besj1
@cindex
besj1
@findex
besj1
The `besj1(x)` function returns the j1st Bessel function of its argument.
@ref
{
besj1
} expects its argument to be in radians.
@node
besy0
,
besy1
,
besj1
,
Functions
@subsubsection
besy0
@c
?expressions functions besy0
@c
?functions besy0
@cindex
besy0
@findex
besy0
The
@ref
{
besy0
} function returns the y0th Bessel function of its argument.
@ref
{
besy0
} expects its argument to be in radians.
@node
besy1
,
ceil
,
besy0
,
Functions
@subsubsection
besy1
@c
?expressions functions besy1
@c
?functions besy1
@cindex
besy1
@findex
besy1
The `besy1(x)` function returns the y1st Bessel function of its argument.
@ref
{
besy1
} expects its argument to be in radians.
@node
ceil
,
cos
,
besy1
,
Functions
@subsubsection
ceil
@c
?expressions functions ceil
@c
?functions ceil
@cindex
ceil
@findex
ceil
The `ceil(x)` function returns the smallest integer that is not less than its
argument. For complex numbers,
@ref
{
ceil
} returns the smallest integer not less
than the real part of its argument.
@node
cos
,
cosh
,
ceil
,
Functions
@subsubsection
cos
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