mssql-python/mssql_python/pybind/ddbc_bindings.cpp at main · microsoft/mssql-python · GitHub

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// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.

// Licensed under the MIT license.

// INFO|TODO - Note that is file is Windows specific right now. Making it arch

// agnostic will be

// taken up in beta release

#include "ddbc_bindings.h"

#include "connection/connection.h"

#include "connection/connection_pool.h"

#include "logger_bridge.hpp"

#include "param_detect.hpp"

#include "py_ref.hpp"

#include "py_type_cache.hpp"

#include "utf_utils.h"

#include <algorithm> // std::min

#include <cstdint>

#include <cstring> // For std::memcpy

#include <filesystem>

#include <iostream>

#include <utility> // std::forward

#include <datetime.h> // CPython datetime API (PyDateTime_IMPORT, PyDateTime_GET_*, etc.)

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Macro definitions

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#ifndef SQL_C_DATE

#define SQL_C_DATE (9)

#endif

#ifndef SQL_C_TIME

#define SQL_C_TIME (10)

#endif

#ifndef SQL_C_TIMESTAMP

#define SQL_C_TIMESTAMP (11)

#endif

// SQL Server-specific variant TIME type code

#define SQL_SS_VARIANT_TIME (16384)

// Space for driver name + up to 8000 characters output by PRINT statements

#define SQL_MAX_MESSAGE_LENGTH_SQLSERVER (10000)

#define STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(x) \

case x: \

return #x

// Architecture-specific defines

#ifndef ARCHITECTURE

#define ARCHITECTURE "win64" // Default to win64 if not defined during compilation

#endif

#define DAE_CHUNK_SIZE 8192

#define SQL_MAX_LOB_SIZE 8000

// Returns the effective character decoding encoding for SQL_C_CHAR data.

// On Linux/macOS, the ODBC driver always returns UTF-8 for SQL_C_CHAR,

// having already converted from the server's encoding (e.g., CP1252).

// On Windows, the driver returns bytes in the server's native encoding.

inline std::string GetEffectiveCharDecoding(const std::string& userEncoding) {

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__linux__)

(void)userEncoding;

return "utf-8";

#else

return userEncoding;

#endif

}

// Windows-only fix for issue #531: when the user explicitly requests

// SQL_C_CHAR + utf-8 decoding (e.g. setdecoding(SQL_CHAR, "utf-8", SQL_CHAR)),

// the SQL Server ODBC driver on Windows returns VARCHAR data in the server's

// ANSI code page (e.g. CP1252) regardless of the column's actual collation.

// For UTF-8 collation columns or any non-ASCII data, this is lossy ('?'

// substitution) and unrecoverable on the Python side. Internally upgrading

// the fetch to SQL_C_WCHAR triggers the driver's lossless UTF-16 conversion,

// which produces a correct Python Unicode string regardless of column

// collation. On Linux/macOS the SQL_C_CHAR path already returns UTF-8 from

// the driver, so this upgrade is a no-op there.

inline int EffectiveCharCtypeForFetch(int charCtype, const std::string& charEncoding) {

#ifdef _WIN32

if (charCtype == SQL_C_CHAR && charEncoding == "utf-8") {

// Surface the override so users can correlate observed SQL_C_WCHAR

// fetches with their explicit setdecoding(SQL_CHAR, "utf-8", SQL_CHAR)

// call (issue#531). Logged at INFO so it appears in production traces

// without flooding default DEBUG output.

LOG_INFO("EffectiveCharCtypeForFetch: Upgrading SQL_C_CHAR + utf-8 to "

"SQL_C_WCHAR on Windows to avoid lossy ACP conversion ");

return SQL_C_WCHAR;

}

#else

(void)charEncoding;

#endif

return charCtype;

}

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Logging Infrastructure:

// - LOG() macro: All diagnostic/debug logging at DEBUG level (single level)

// - LOG_INFO/WARNING/ERROR: Higher-level messages for production

// Uses printf-style formatting: LOG("Value: %d", x) -- __FILE__/__LINE__

// embedded in macro

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Class definitions

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Struct to hold parameter information for binding. Used by SQLBindParameter.

struct ArrowArrayPrivateData {

std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> valid;

std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> uint8Val;

std::unique_ptr<int16_t[]> int16Val;

std::unique_ptr<int32_t[]> int32Val;

std::unique_ptr<int64_t[]> int64Val;

std::unique_ptr<double[]> float64Val;

std::unique_ptr<float[]> float32Val;

std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> bitVal;

std::unique_ptr<uint64_t[]> varVal;

std::unique_ptr<int32_t[]> dateVal;

std::unique_ptr<int64_t[]> tsMicroVal;

std::unique_ptr<int64_t[]> timeNanoVal;

std::unique_ptr<Int128_t[]> decimalVal;

std::vector<uint8_t> varData;

// first buffer will be the valid bitmap

// second buffer will be one of the value buffers above

// third buffer will be the varData buffer for variable length types

std::array<void*, 3> buffers;

// Points to one of the typed *Val buffers above. Since the buffer pointers

// don't change, this can be set once during batch initialization.

void* ptrValueBuffer;

};

struct ArrowSchemaPrivateData {

std::unique_ptr<char[]> name;

std::unique_ptr<char[]> format;

};

#ifndef ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE

#define ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE

#define ARROW_FLAG_DICTIONARY_ORDERED 1

#define ARROW_FLAG_NULLABLE 2

#define ARROW_FLAG_MAP_KEYS_SORTED 4

struct ArrowSchema {

// Array type description

const char* format;

const char* name;

const char* metadata;

int64_t flags;

int64_t n_children;

struct ArrowSchema** children;

struct ArrowSchema* dictionary;

// Release callback

void (*release)(struct ArrowSchema*);

// Opaque producer-specific data

// Only our child-arrays will set this, so we can give it the correct type

ArrowSchemaPrivateData* private_data;

};

struct ArrowArray {

// Array data description

int64_t length;

int64_t null_count;

int64_t offset;

int64_t n_buffers;

int64_t n_children;

const void** buffers;

struct ArrowArray** children;

struct ArrowArray* dictionary;

// Release callback

void (*release)(struct ArrowArray*);

// Opaque producer-specific data

// Only our child-arrays will set this, so we can give it the correct type

ArrowArrayPrivateData* private_data;

};

#endif // ARROW_C_DATA_INTERFACE

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Function pointer initialization

//-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Handle APIs

SQLAllocHandleFunc SQLAllocHandle_ptr = nullptr;

SQLSetEnvAttrFunc SQLSetEnvAttr_ptr = nullptr;

SQLSetConnectAttrFunc SQLSetConnectAttr_ptr = nullptr;

SQLSetStmtAttrFunc SQLSetStmtAttr_ptr = nullptr;

SQLGetConnectAttrFunc SQLGetConnectAttr_ptr = nullptr;

// Connection and Execution APIs

SQLDriverConnectFunc SQLDriverConnect_ptr = nullptr;

SQLExecDirectFunc SQLExecDirect_ptr = nullptr;

SQLPrepareFunc SQLPrepare_ptr = nullptr;

SQLBindParameterFunc SQLBindParameter_ptr = nullptr;

SQLExecuteFunc SQLExecute_ptr = nullptr;

SQLRowCountFunc SQLRowCount_ptr = nullptr;

SQLGetStmtAttrFunc SQLGetStmtAttr_ptr = nullptr;

SQLSetDescFieldFunc SQLSetDescField_ptr = nullptr;

// Data retrieval APIs

SQLFetchFunc SQLFetch_ptr = nullptr;

SQLFetchScrollFunc SQLFetchScroll_ptr = nullptr;

SQLGetDataFunc SQLGetData_ptr = nullptr;

SQLNumResultColsFunc SQLNumResultCols_ptr = nullptr;

SQLBindColFunc SQLBindCol_ptr = nullptr;

SQLDescribeColFunc SQLDescribeCol_ptr = nullptr;

SQLMoreResultsFunc SQLMoreResults_ptr = nullptr;

SQLColAttributeFunc SQLColAttribute_ptr = nullptr;

SQLGetTypeInfoFunc SQLGetTypeInfo_ptr = nullptr;

SQLProceduresFunc SQLProcedures_ptr = nullptr;

SQLForeignKeysFunc SQLForeignKeys_ptr = nullptr;

SQLPrimaryKeysFunc SQLPrimaryKeys_ptr = nullptr;

SQLSpecialColumnsFunc SQLSpecialColumns_ptr = nullptr;

SQLStatisticsFunc SQLStatistics_ptr = nullptr;

SQLColumnsFunc SQLColumns_ptr = nullptr;

SQLGetInfoFunc SQLGetInfo_ptr = nullptr;

// Transaction APIs

SQLEndTranFunc SQLEndTran_ptr = nullptr;

// Disconnect/free APIs

SQLFreeHandleFunc SQLFreeHandle_ptr = nullptr;

SQLDisconnectFunc SQLDisconnect_ptr = nullptr;

SQLFreeStmtFunc SQLFreeStmt_ptr = nullptr;

SQLCancelFunc SQLCancel_ptr = nullptr;

// Diagnostic APIs

SQLGetDiagRecFunc SQLGetDiagRec_ptr = nullptr;

// DAE APIs

SQLParamDataFunc SQLParamData_ptr = nullptr;

SQLPutDataFunc SQLPutData_ptr = nullptr;

SQLTablesFunc SQLTables_ptr = nullptr;

SQLDescribeParamFunc SQLDescribeParam_ptr = nullptr;

namespace {

const char* GetSqlCTypeAsString(const SQLSMALLINT cType) {

switch (cType) {

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_CHAR);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_WCHAR);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_SSHORT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_USHORT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_SHORT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_SLONG);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_ULONG);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_LONG);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_STINYINT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_UTINYINT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_TINYINT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_SBIGINT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_UBIGINT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_FLOAT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_DOUBLE);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_BIT);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_BINARY);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_TYPE_DATE);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_TYPE_TIME);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_NUMERIC);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_GUID);

STRINGIFY_FOR_CASE(SQL_C_DEFAULT);

default:

return "Unknown";

}

std::string MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(const SQLSMALLINT cType, const int paramIndex) {

std::string errorString = "Parameter's object type does not match "

"parameter's C type. paramIndex - " +

std::to_string(paramIndex) + ", C type - " +

GetSqlCTypeAsString(cType);

return errorString;

}

// This function allocates a buffer of ParamType, stores it as a void* in

// paramBuffers for book-keeping and then returns a ParamType* to the allocated

// memory. ctorArgs are the arguments to ParamType's constructor used while

// creating/allocating ParamType

template <typename ParamType, typename... CtorArgs>

ParamType* AllocateParamBuffer(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<void>>& paramBuffers,

CtorArgs&&... ctorArgs) {

paramBuffers.emplace_back(new ParamType(std::forward<CtorArgs>(ctorArgs)...),

std::default_delete<ParamType>());

return static_cast<ParamType*>(paramBuffers.back().get());

}

template <typename ParamType>

ParamType* AllocateParamBufferArray(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<void>>& paramBuffers,

size_t count) {

std::shared_ptr<ParamType> buffer(new ParamType[count], std::default_delete<ParamType[]>());

ParamType* raw = buffer.get();

paramBuffers.push_back(buffer);

return raw;

}

std::string DescribeChar(unsigned char ch) {

if (ch >= 32 && ch <= 126) {

return std::string("'") + static_cast<char>(ch) + "'";

} else {

char buffer[16];

snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "U+%04X", ch);

return std::string(buffer);

}

template<typename PutDataFn>

// The callable hides whether the caller wraps SQLPutData with GIL management; chunk sizing stays shared.

static SQLRETURN stream_dae_chunks(const void* data, size_t total_bytes, PutDataFn put_data_fn) {

const char* bytes = static_cast<const char*>(data);

for (size_t offset = 0; offset < total_bytes; offset += DAE_CHUNK_SIZE) {

size_t len = std::min(static_cast<size_t>(DAE_CHUNK_SIZE), total_bytes - offset);

SQLRETURN rc = put_data_fn(

static_cast<SQLPOINTER>(const_cast<char*>(bytes + offset)), static_cast<SQLLEN>(len));

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) return rc;

}

return SQL_SUCCESS;

}

// GH-610: Resolve SQL type for a NULL parameter using per-handle cache.

// On cache miss, calls SQLDescribeParam and stores the result.

static DescribedParamInfo ResolveNullParamType(SqlHandle& handle, SQLHANDLE hStmt, int paramIndex) {

// Check per-handle cache. ODBC mandates one handle per thread, so no

// mutex is needed. Violating this contract causes undefined behavior.

auto it = handle.describeCache.find(paramIndex);

if (it != handle.describeCache.end()) {

LOG("ResolveNullParamType: Cache HIT for hStmt=%p param[%d] "

"-> sqlType=%d",

(void*)hStmt, paramIndex, it->second.sqlType);

return it->second;

}

// Cache miss — call SQLDescribeParam

SQLSMALLINT type, digits, nullable;

SQLULEN size;

LOG("ResolveNullParamType: Cache MISS for hStmt=%p param[%d], calling "

"SQLDescribeParam", (void*)hStmt, paramIndex);

// SQLDescribeParam may issue a server round-trip

// (sp_describe_undeclared_parameters). Release the GIL around it so

// in-process Python TCP forwarders can run (issue #565 family).

RETCODE rc;

{

py::gil_scoped_release release;

rc = SQLDescribeParam_ptr(

hStmt, static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(paramIndex + 1),

&type, &size, &digits, &nullable);

}

DescribedParamInfo info;

if (SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

info = {type, size, digits};

LOG("ResolveNullParamType: SQLDescribeParam succeeded for param[%d] "

"-> sqlType=%d, columnSize=%lu, decimalDigits=%d",

paramIndex, type, (unsigned long)size, digits);

} else {

// SQLDescribeParam failed — typically happens with temp tables (#table),

// table variables, or complex CTEs where the driver cannot determine

// parameter metadata. Fall back to SQL_VARCHAR which works for most

// column types but will fail for BINARY/VARBINARY columns due to SQL

// Server's implicit conversion rules.

// Workaround: cursor.setinputsizes() to explicitly specify types.

// from mssql_python.constants import ConstantsDDBC

// cursor.setinputsizes([(ConstantsDDBC.SQL_INTEGER.value, 10, 0),

// (ConstantsDDBC.SQL_VARBINARY.value, 0, 0)])

// cursor.execute("INSERT INTO #t (id, data) VALUES (?, ?)", [1, None])

info = {SQL_VARCHAR, 1, 0};

LOG_WARNING("ResolveNullParamType: SQLDescribeParam failed for "

"param[%d] (rc=%d), falling back to SQL_VARCHAR",

paramIndex, rc);

}

// Cache both successful and fallback results. For fallbacks, this avoids

// repeated SQLDescribeParam network calls on statement reuse. Note: on the

// same_sql path clearDescribeCache() is NOT called, so a transient describe

// failure is pinned as SQL_VARCHAR for the life of the prepared statement.

// This is intentional — retrying a failing describe on every execute would

// add latency with no benefit (temp-table metadata won't become resolvable

// mid-connection). The cache IS cleared on SQLPrepare (usePrepare path).

handle.describeCache[paramIndex] = info;

return info;

}

// GH-627: Resolve unknown NULL SQL types before any SQLBindParameter calls.

// Some drivers remap parameter ordinals during describe when parameters have

// already been bound, so interleaving describe+bind can fail for binary NULLs.

// When `params` is provided (execute path), an additional py::none check is

// performed; for executemany (array path), SQL_C_DEFAULT already guarantees

// all values in that column are NULL, so no Python-level check is needed.

static void PreResolveUnknownNullTypes(SqlHandle& handle, SQLHANDLE hStmt,

std::vector<ParamInfo>& paramInfos,

const py::list* params = nullptr) {

if (paramInfos.empty())

return;

for (size_t paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < paramInfos.size(); ++paramIndex) {

ParamInfo& paramInfo = paramInfos[paramIndex];

if (paramInfo.paramCType != SQL_C_DEFAULT || paramInfo.paramSQLType != SQL_UNKNOWN_TYPE) {

continue;

}

// For execute(), verify the actual value is None (mixed columns possible).

if (params && paramIndex < params->size() &&

!py::isinstance<py::none>((*params)[paramIndex])) {

continue;

}

auto resolved = ResolveNullParamType(handle, hStmt, static_cast<int>(paramIndex));

paramInfo.paramSQLType = resolved.sqlType;

paramInfo.columnSize = resolved.columnSize;

paramInfo.decimalDigits = resolved.decimalDigits;

}

// Given a list of parameters and their ParamInfo, calls SQLBindParameter on

// each of them with appropriate arguments

SQLRETURN BindParameters(SqlHandle& handle, SQLHANDLE hStmt, const py::list& params,

std::vector<ParamInfo>& paramInfos,

std::vector<std::shared_ptr<void>>& paramBuffers,

const std::string& charEncoding = "utf-8") {

LOG("BindParameters: Starting parameter binding for statement handle %p "

"with %zu parameters",

(void*)hStmt, params.size());

// GH-627: resolve unknown NULL param SQL types before binding any param.

PreResolveUnknownNullTypes(handle, hStmt, paramInfos, &params);

for (int paramIndex = 0; paramIndex < params.size(); paramIndex++) {

const auto& param = params[paramIndex];

ParamInfo& paramInfo = paramInfos[paramIndex];

LOG("BindParameters: Processing param[%d] - C_Type=%d, SQL_Type=%d, "

"ColumnSize=%lu, DecimalDigits=%d, InputOutputType=%d",

paramIndex, paramInfo.paramCType, paramInfo.paramSQLType,

(unsigned long)paramInfo.columnSize, paramInfo.decimalDigits,

paramInfo.inputOutputType);

void* dataPtr = nullptr;

SQLLEN bufferLength = 0;

SQLLEN* strLenOrIndPtr = nullptr;

// TODO: Add more data types like money, guid, interval, TVPs etc.

switch (paramInfo.paramCType) {

case SQL_C_CHAR: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::str>(param) && !py::isinstance<py::bytearray>(param) &&

!py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

if (paramInfo.isDAE) {

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_CHAR - Using DAE "

"(Data-At-Execution) for large string streaming",

paramIndex);

dataPtr =

const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&paramInfos[paramIndex]));

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = SQL_LEN_DATA_AT_EXEC(0);

bufferLength = 0;

} else {

// Use Python's codec system to encode the string with specified encoding

std::string encodedStr;

if (py::isinstance<py::str>(param)) {

// Encode Unicode string using the specified encoding

try {

py::object encoded = param.attr("encode")(charEncoding, "strict");

encodedStr = encoded.cast<std::string>();

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_CHAR - Encoded with '%s', "

"size=%zu bytes",

paramIndex, charEncoding.c_str(), encodedStr.size());

} catch (const py::error_already_set& e) {

LOG_ERROR("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_CHAR - Failed to encode "

"with '%s': %s",

paramIndex, charEncoding.c_str(), e.what());

throw std::runtime_error(std::string("Failed to encode parameter ") +

std::to_string(paramIndex) +

" with encoding '" + charEncoding +

"': " + e.what());

}

} else {

// bytes/bytearray - use as-is (already encoded)

if (py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

encodedStr = param.cast<std::string>();

} else {

// bytearray

encodedStr = std::string(

reinterpret_cast<const char*>(PyByteArray_AsString(param.ptr())),

PyByteArray_Size(param.ptr()));

}

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_CHAR - Using raw bytes, size=%zu",

paramIndex, encodedStr.size());

}

std::string* strParam =

AllocateParamBuffer<std::string>(paramBuffers, encodedStr);

dataPtr = const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const void*>(strParam->data()));

bufferLength = strParam->size();

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

// Use explicit byte length instead of SQL_NTS so embedded NUL chars

// aren't treated as string terminators (e.g., "hello\x00world").

*strLenOrIndPtr = static_cast<SQLLEN>(strParam->size());

}

break;

}

case SQL_C_BINARY: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::str>(param) && !py::isinstance<py::bytearray>(param) &&

!py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

if (paramInfo.isDAE) {

// Deferred execution for VARBINARY(MAX)

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_BINARY - Using DAE "

"for VARBINARY(MAX) streaming",

paramIndex);

dataPtr =

const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&paramInfos[paramIndex]));

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = SQL_LEN_DATA_AT_EXEC(0);

bufferLength = 0;

} else {

// small binary

std::string binData;

if (py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

binData = param.cast<std::string>();

} else {

// bytearray

binData = std::string(

reinterpret_cast<const char*>(PyByteArray_AsString(param.ptr())),

PyByteArray_Size(param.ptr()));

}

std::string* binBuffer =

AllocateParamBuffer<std::string>(paramBuffers, binData);

dataPtr = const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const void*>(binBuffer->data()));

bufferLength = static_cast<SQLLEN>(binBuffer->size());

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = bufferLength;

}

break;

}

case SQL_C_WCHAR: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::str>(param) && !py::isinstance<py::bytearray>(param) &&

!py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

if (paramInfo.isDAE) {

// deferred execution

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_WCHAR - Using DAE for "

"NVARCHAR(MAX) streaming",

paramIndex);

dataPtr =

const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&paramInfos[paramIndex]));

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = SQL_LEN_DATA_AT_EXEC(0);

bufferLength = 0;

} else {

// Normal small-string case

std::u16string* sqlwcharBuffer = AllocateParamBuffer<std::u16string>(

paramBuffers, param.cast<std::u16string>());

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_WCHAR - String "

"length=%zu characters, buffer=%zu bytes",

paramIndex, sqlwcharBuffer->size(),

sqlwcharBuffer->size() * sizeof(SQLWCHAR));

dataPtr = sqlwcharBuffer->data();

bufferLength = sqlwcharBuffer->size() * sizeof(SQLWCHAR);

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

// Use explicit byte length instead of SQL_NTS so embedded NUL chars

// aren't treated as string terminators.

*strLenOrIndPtr = static_cast<SQLLEN>(sqlwcharBuffer->size() * sizeof(SQLWCHAR));

}

break;

}

case SQL_C_BIT: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::bool_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

dataPtr =

static_cast<void*>(AllocateParamBuffer<bool>(paramBuffers, param.cast<bool>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_DEFAULT: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::none>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

dataPtr = nullptr; // GH-627: type resolved by PreResolveUnknownNullTypes.

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = SQL_NULL_DATA;

bufferLength = 0;

break;

}

case SQL_C_STINYINT:

case SQL_C_TINYINT:

case SQL_C_SSHORT:

case SQL_C_SHORT: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::int_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

int value = param.cast<int>();

// Range validation for signed 16-bit integer

if (value < std::numeric_limits<short>::min() ||

value > std::numeric_limits<short>::max()) {

ThrowStdException("Signed short integer parameter out of "

"range at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

dataPtr =

static_cast<void*>(AllocateParamBuffer<int>(paramBuffers, param.cast<int>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_UTINYINT:

case SQL_C_USHORT: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::int_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

unsigned int value = param.cast<unsigned int>();

if (value > std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max()) {

ThrowStdException("Unsigned short integer parameter out of "

"range at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(

AllocateParamBuffer<unsigned int>(paramBuffers, param.cast<unsigned int>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_SBIGINT:

case SQL_C_SLONG:

case SQL_C_LONG: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::int_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

// Both detection paths (DetectParamTypes / _map_sql_type) reject out-of-int64

// ints before binding, so those callers only reach here with bindable values.

// A setinputsizes() override that forces SQL_C_SBIGINT on an out-of-range int

// skips detection; that value fails the cast below, same as before this change.

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(

AllocateParamBuffer<int64_t>(paramBuffers, param.cast<int64_t>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_UBIGINT:

case SQL_C_ULONG: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::int_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(

AllocateParamBuffer<uint64_t>(paramBuffers, param.cast<uint64_t>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_FLOAT: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::float_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(

AllocateParamBuffer<float>(paramBuffers, param.cast<float>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_DOUBLE: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::float_>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(

AllocateParamBuffer<double>(paramBuffers, param.cast<double>()));

break;

}

case SQL_C_TYPE_DATE: {

py::object dateType = PyTypeCache::get_date_class_obj();

if (!py::isinstance(param, dateType)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

int year = param.attr("year").cast<int>();

if (year < 1753 || year > 9999) {

ThrowStdException("Date out of range for SQL Server "

"(1753-9999) at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

// TODO: can be moved to python by registering SQL_DATE_STRUCT

// in pybind

SQL_DATE_STRUCT* sqlDatePtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQL_DATE_STRUCT>(paramBuffers);

sqlDatePtr->year = static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(param.attr("year").cast<int>());

sqlDatePtr->month = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("month").cast<int>());

sqlDatePtr->day = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("day").cast<int>());

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(sqlDatePtr);

break;

}

case SQL_C_TYPE_TIME: {

py::object timeType = PyTypeCache::get_time_class_obj();

if (!py::isinstance(param, timeType)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

// TODO: can be moved to python by registering SQL_TIME_STRUCT

// in pybind

SQL_TIME_STRUCT* sqlTimePtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQL_TIME_STRUCT>(paramBuffers);

sqlTimePtr->hour = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("hour").cast<int>());

sqlTimePtr->minute = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("minute").cast<int>());

sqlTimePtr->second = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("second").cast<int>());

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(sqlTimePtr);

break;

}

case SQL_C_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET: {

py::object datetimeType = PyTypeCache::get_datetime_class_obj();

if (!py::isinstance(param, datetimeType)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

// Checking if the object has a timezone

py::object tzinfo = param.attr("tzinfo");

if (tzinfo.is_none()) {

ThrowStdException("Datetime object must have tzinfo for "

"SQL_C_SS_TIMESTAMPOFFSET at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

DateTimeOffset* dtoPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<DateTimeOffset>(paramBuffers);

dtoPtr->year = static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(param.attr("year").cast<int>());

dtoPtr->month = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("month").cast<int>());

dtoPtr->day = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("day").cast<int>());

dtoPtr->hour = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("hour").cast<int>());

dtoPtr->minute = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("minute").cast<int>());

dtoPtr->second = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("second").cast<int>());

// SQL server supports in ns, but python datetime supports in µs

dtoPtr->fraction =

static_cast<SQLUINTEGER>(param.attr("microsecond").cast<int>() * 1000);

py::object utcoffset = tzinfo.attr("utcoffset")(param);

if (utcoffset.is_none()) {

ThrowStdException("Datetime object's tzinfo.utcoffset() "

"returned None at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

int total_seconds =

static_cast<int>(utcoffset.attr("total_seconds")().cast<double>());

const int MAX_OFFSET = 14 * 3600;

const int MIN_OFFSET = -14 * 3600;

if (total_seconds > MAX_OFFSET || total_seconds < MIN_OFFSET) {

ThrowStdException("Datetimeoffset tz offset out of SQL Server range "

"(-14h to +14h) at paramIndex " +

std::to_string(paramIndex));

}

std::div_t div_result = std::div(total_seconds, 3600);

dtoPtr->timezone_hour = static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(div_result.quot);

dtoPtr->timezone_minute = static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(div(div_result.rem, 60).quot);

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(dtoPtr);

bufferLength = sizeof(DateTimeOffset);

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = bufferLength;

break;

}

case SQL_C_TYPE_TIMESTAMP: {

py::object datetimeType = PyTypeCache::get_datetime_class_obj();

if (!py::isinstance(param, datetimeType)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

SQL_TIMESTAMP_STRUCT* sqlTimestampPtr =

AllocateParamBuffer<SQL_TIMESTAMP_STRUCT>(paramBuffers);

sqlTimestampPtr->year = static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(param.attr("year").cast<int>());

sqlTimestampPtr->month = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("month").cast<int>());

sqlTimestampPtr->day = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("day").cast<int>());

sqlTimestampPtr->hour = static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("hour").cast<int>());

sqlTimestampPtr->minute =

static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("minute").cast<int>());

sqlTimestampPtr->second =

static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(param.attr("second").cast<int>());

// SQL server supports in ns, but python datetime supports in µs

sqlTimestampPtr->fraction = static_cast<SQLUINTEGER>(

param.attr("microsecond").cast<int>() * 1000); // Convert µs to ns

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(sqlTimestampPtr);

break;

}

case SQL_C_NUMERIC: {

if (!py::isinstance<NumericData>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

NumericData decimalParam = param.cast<NumericData>();

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_NUMERIC - precision=%d, "

"scale=%d, sign=%d, value_bytes=%zu",

paramIndex, decimalParam.precision, decimalParam.scale, decimalParam.sign,

decimalParam.val.size());

SQL_NUMERIC_STRUCT* decimalPtr =

AllocateParamBuffer<SQL_NUMERIC_STRUCT>(paramBuffers);

decimalPtr->precision = decimalParam.precision;

decimalPtr->scale = decimalParam.scale;

decimalPtr->sign = decimalParam.sign;

// Convert the integer decimalParam.val to char array

std::memset(static_cast<void*>(decimalPtr->val), 0, sizeof(decimalPtr->val));

size_t copyLen = std::min(decimalParam.val.size(), sizeof(decimalPtr->val));

if (copyLen > 0) {

std::memcpy(decimalPtr->val, decimalParam.val.data(), copyLen);

}

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(decimalPtr);

break;

}

case SQL_C_GUID: {

if (!py::isinstance<py::bytes>(param)) {

ThrowStdException(MakeParamMismatchErrorStr(paramInfo.paramCType, paramIndex));

}

py::bytes uuid_bytes = param.cast<py::bytes>();

const unsigned char* uuid_data =

reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(PyBytes_AS_STRING(uuid_bytes.ptr()));

if (PyBytes_GET_SIZE(uuid_bytes.ptr()) != 16) {

LOG("BindParameters: param[%d] SQL_C_GUID - Invalid UUID "

"length: expected 16 bytes, got %ld bytes",

paramIndex, PyBytes_GET_SIZE(uuid_bytes.ptr()));

ThrowStdException("UUID binary data must be exactly 16 bytes long.");

}

SQLGUID* guid_data_ptr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLGUID>(paramBuffers);

guid_data_ptr->Data1 = (static_cast<uint32_t>(uuid_data[3]) << 24) |

(static_cast<uint32_t>(uuid_data[2]) << 16) |

(static_cast<uint32_t>(uuid_data[1]) << 8) |

(static_cast<uint32_t>(uuid_data[0]));

guid_data_ptr->Data2 = (static_cast<uint16_t>(uuid_data[5]) << 8) |

(static_cast<uint16_t>(uuid_data[4]));

guid_data_ptr->Data3 = (static_cast<uint16_t>(uuid_data[7]) << 8) |

(static_cast<uint16_t>(uuid_data[6]));

std::memcpy(guid_data_ptr->Data4, &uuid_data[8], 8);

dataPtr = static_cast<void*>(guid_data_ptr);

bufferLength = sizeof(SQLGUID);

strLenOrIndPtr = AllocateParamBuffer<SQLLEN>(paramBuffers);

*strLenOrIndPtr = sizeof(SQLGUID);

break;

}

default: {

std::ostringstream errorString;

errorString << "Unsupported parameter type - " << paramInfo.paramCType

<< " for parameter - " << paramIndex;

ThrowStdException(errorString.str());

}

assert(SQLBindParameter_ptr && SQLGetStmtAttr_ptr && SQLSetDescField_ptr);

RETCODE rc = SQLBindParameter_ptr(

hStmt, static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(paramIndex + 1), /* 1-based indexing */

static_cast<SQLUSMALLINT>(paramInfo.inputOutputType),

static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(paramInfo.paramCType),

static_cast<SQLSMALLINT>(paramInfo.paramSQLType), paramInfo.columnSize,

paramInfo.decimalDigits, dataPtr, bufferLength, strLenOrIndPtr);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLBindParameter failed for param[%d] - "

"SQLRETURN=%d, C_Type=%d, SQL_Type=%d",

paramIndex, rc, paramInfo.paramCType, paramInfo.paramSQLType);

return rc;

}

// Special handling for Numeric type -

// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/appendixes/retrieve-numeric-data-sql-numeric-struct-kb222831?view=sql-server-ver16#sql_c_numeric-overview

if (paramInfo.paramCType == SQL_C_NUMERIC) {

SQLHDESC hDesc = nullptr;

rc = SQLGetStmtAttr_ptr(hStmt, SQL_ATTR_APP_PARAM_DESC, &hDesc, 0, NULL);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLGetStmtAttr(SQL_ATTR_APP_PARAM_DESC) "

"failed for param[%d] - SQLRETURN=%d",

paramIndex, rc);

return rc;

}

rc = SQLSetDescField_ptr(hDesc, 1, SQL_DESC_TYPE, (SQLPOINTER)SQL_C_NUMERIC, 0);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLSetDescField(SQL_DESC_TYPE) failed for "

"param[%d] - SQLRETURN=%d",

paramIndex, rc);

return rc;

}

SQL_NUMERIC_STRUCT* numericPtr = reinterpret_cast<SQL_NUMERIC_STRUCT*>(dataPtr);

rc = SQLSetDescField_ptr(

hDesc, 1, SQL_DESC_PRECISION,

reinterpret_cast<SQLPOINTER>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(numericPtr->precision)), 0);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLSetDescField(SQL_DESC_PRECISION) "

"failed for param[%d] - SQLRETURN=%d",

paramIndex, rc);

return rc;

}

rc = SQLSetDescField_ptr(

hDesc, 1, SQL_DESC_SCALE,

reinterpret_cast<SQLPOINTER>(static_cast<intptr_t>(numericPtr->scale)), 0);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLSetDescField(SQL_DESC_SCALE) failed "

"for param[%d] - SQLRETURN=%d",

paramIndex, rc);

return rc;

}

rc = SQLSetDescField_ptr(hDesc, 1, SQL_DESC_DATA_PTR,

reinterpret_cast<SQLPOINTER>(numericPtr), 0);

if (!SQL_SUCCEEDED(rc)) {

LOG("BindParameters: SQLSetDescField(SQL_DESC_DATA_PTR) failed "

"for param[%d] - SQLRETURN=%d",

paramIndex, rc);

return rc;

}

LOG("BindParameters: Completed parameter binding for statement handle %p - "

"%zu parameters bound successfully",

(void*)hStmt, params.size());

return SQL_SUCCESS;

}

// This is temporary hack to avoid crash when SQLDescribeCol returns 0 as

// columnSize for NVARCHAR(MAX) & similar types. Variable length data needs more

// nuanced handling.

// TODO: Fix this in beta

// This function sets the buffer allocated to fetch NVARCHAR(MAX) & similar

// types to 4096 chars. So we'll retrieve data upto 4096. Anything greater then

// that will throw error

void HandleZeroColumnSizeAtFetch(SQLULEN& columnSize) {

if (columnSize == 0) {

columnSize = 4096;

}

} // namespace

// Helper function to check if Python is shutting down or finalizing

// This centralizes the shutdown detection logic to avoid code duplication

static bool is_python_finalizing() {

try {

if (Py_IsInitialized() == 0) {

return true; // Python is already shut down

}

py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;

py::object sys_module = py::module_::import("sys");

if (!sys_module.is_none()) {

// Check if the attribute exists before accessing it (for Python

// version compatibility)

if (py::hasattr(sys_module, "_is_finalizing")) {

py::object finalizing_func = sys_module.attr("_is_finalizing");

if (!finalizing_func.is_none() && finalizing_func().cast<bool>()) {

return true; // Python is finalizing

}

return false;

} catch (...) {

std::cerr << "Error occurred while checking Python finalization state." << std::endl;

// Be conservative - don't assume shutdown on any exception

// Only return true if we're absolutely certain Python is shutting down

return false;

}

// TODO: Add more nuanced exception classes

void ThrowStdException(const std::string& message) {

throw std::runtime_error(message);

}

std::string GetLastErrorMessage();

// Resolve the base directory that contains the ODBC driver `libs/` tree.

// Post-split, the driver binaries ship in the standalone `mssql_python_odbc`

// package (a pure-data sibling with no native extension). We import it and use

// its directory as the base that `GetDriverPathCpp` (and the Windows

// `mssql-auth.dll` lookup) append `libs` to.

// Post-split the standalone package is REQUIRED: if it is missing or does not

// ship this platform's driver binaries we raise a clear, actionable error

// instead of silently falling back to bundled libs (there are none). Importing

// `mssql_python_odbc` here is Alpine/musl-safe precisely because it is a

// separate pure package: it cannot trigger the partially-initialized-module

// circular import that motivated resolving these paths in C++ in the first place.

// (`GetDriverPathCpp` is defined further below; forward-declared here so we can

// verify the external package actually ships this platform's driver binary.)

std::string GetDriverPathCpp(const std::string& moduleDir);

std::string GetOdbcLibsBaseDir() {

namespace fs = std::filesystem;

// This function calls into the Python C-API (py::module::import, attribute

// access, casts), so it must run with the GIL held. It is a no-op when the

// GIL is already held — which it is at the sole current call site, during

// module initialization — but acquiring it here self-documents the C-API

// dependency and keeps a future GIL-released caller from turning this into a

// hard crash.

py::gil_scoped_acquire gil;

try {

py::object module = py::module::import("mssql_python_odbc");

py::object module_path = module.attr("__file__");

std::string module_file = module_path.cast<std::string>();

fs::path parentDir = fs::path(module_file).parent_path();

// The external package is authoritative and REQUIRED: it must ship a

// COMPLETE set of this platform's driver binaries. In a source/dev

// checkout (and in CI) the package is importable from the repo root but

// its `libs/` tree is gitignored and either absent or only partially

// populated; there is no bundled fallback anymore, so fail hard rather

// than resolve to a directory that has no usable driver.

// "Complete" means the ODBC driver itself and, on Windows, the

// co-located `mssql-auth.dll` that LoadDriverOrThrowException loads

// unconditionally. Verifying both here keeps this resolver's notion of a

// usable base dir consistent with what the loader below actually needs.

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