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#ifndef Py_OBJECT_H

#define Py_OBJECT_H

#ifdef __cplusplus

extern "C" {

#endif

/* Object and type object interface */

Objects are structures allocated on the heap. Special rules apply to

the use of objects to ensure they are properly garbage-collected.

Objects are never allocated statically or on the stack; they must be

accessed through special macros and functions only. (Type objects are

exceptions to the first rule; the standard types are represented by

statically initialized type objects, although work on type/class unification

for Python 2.2 made it possible to have heap-allocated type objects too).

An object has a 'reference count' that is increased or decreased when a

pointer to the object is copied or deleted; when the reference count

reaches zero there are no references to the object left and it can be

removed from the heap.

An object has a 'type' that determines what it represents and what kind

of data it contains. An object's type is fixed when it is created.

Types themselves are represented as objects; an object contains a

pointer to the corresponding type object. The type itself has a type

pointer pointing to the object representing the type 'type', which

contains a pointer to itself!).

Objects do not float around in memory; once allocated an object keeps

the same size and address. Objects that must hold variable-size data

can contain pointers to variable-size parts of the object. Not all

objects of the same type have the same size; but the size cannot change

after allocation. (These restrictions are made so a reference to an

object can be simply a pointer -- moving an object would require

updating all the pointers, and changing an object's size would require

moving it if there was another object right next to it.)

Objects are always accessed through pointers of the type 'PyObject *'.

The type 'PyObject' is a structure that only contains the reference count

and the type pointer. The actual memory allocated for an object

contains other data that can only be accessed after casting the pointer

to a pointer to a longer structure type. This longer type must start

with the reference count and type fields; the macro PyObject_HEAD should be

used for this (to accommodate for future changes). The implementation

of a particular object type can cast the object pointer to the proper

type and back.

A standard interface exists for objects that contain an array of items

whose size is determined when the object is allocated.

/* Py_DEBUG implies Py_TRACE_REFS. */

#if defined(Py_DEBUG) && !defined(Py_TRACE_REFS)

#define Py_TRACE_REFS

#endif

/* Py_TRACE_REFS implies Py_REF_DEBUG. */

#if defined(Py_TRACE_REFS) && !defined(Py_REF_DEBUG)

#define Py_REF_DEBUG

#endif

#if defined(Py_LIMITED_API) && defined(Py_REF_DEBUG)

#error Py_LIMITED_API is incompatible with Py_DEBUG, Py_TRACE_REFS, and Py_REF_DEBUG

#endif

#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS

/* Define pointers to support a doubly-linked list of all live heap objects. */

#define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA \

struct _object *_ob_next; \

struct _object *_ob_prev;

#define _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT 0, 0,

#else

#define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA

#define _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT

#endif

/* PyObject_HEAD defines the initial segment of every PyObject. */

#define PyObject_HEAD PyObject ob_base;

#define PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) \

{ _PyObject_EXTRA_INIT \

1, type },

#define PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size) \

{ PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) size },

/* PyObject_VAR_HEAD defines the initial segment of all variable-size

* container objects. These end with a declaration of an array with 1

* element, but enough space is malloc'ed so that the array actually

* has room for ob_size elements. Note that ob_size is an element count,

* not necessarily a byte count.

#define PyObject_VAR_HEAD PyVarObject ob_base;

#define Py_INVALID_SIZE (Py_ssize_t)-1

/* Nothing is actually declared to be a PyObject, but every pointer to

* a Python object can be cast to a PyObject*. This is inheritance built

* by hand. Similarly every pointer to a variable-size Python object can,

* in addition, be cast to PyVarObject*.

typedef struct _object {

_PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA

Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt;

struct _typeobject *ob_type;

} PyObject;

typedef struct {

PyObject ob_base;

Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part */

} PyVarObject;

#define Py_REFCNT(ob) (((PyObject*)(ob))->ob_refcnt)

#define Py_TYPE(ob) (((PyObject*)(ob))->ob_type)

#define Py_SIZE(ob) (((PyVarObject*)(ob))->ob_size)

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/********************* String Literals ****************************************/

/* This structure helps managing static strings. The basic usage goes like this:

Instead of doing

r = PyObject_CallMethod(o, "foo", "args", ...);

_Py_IDENTIFIER(foo);

...

r = _PyObject_CallMethodId(o, &PyId_foo, "args", ...);

PyId_foo is a static variable, either on block level or file level. On first

usage, the string "foo" is interned, and the structures are linked. On interpreter

shutdown, all strings are released (through _PyUnicode_ClearStaticStrings).

Alternatively, _Py_static_string allows choosing the variable name.

_PyUnicode_FromId returns a borrowed reference to the interned string.

_PyObject_{Get,Set,Has}AttrId are __getattr__ versions using _Py_Identifier*.

typedef struct _Py_Identifier {

struct _Py_Identifier *next;

const char* string;

PyObject *object;

} _Py_Identifier;

#define _Py_static_string_init(value) { .next = NULL, .string = value, .object = NULL }

#define _Py_static_string(varname, value) static _Py_Identifier varname = _Py_static_string_init(value)

#define _Py_IDENTIFIER(varname) _Py_static_string(PyId_##varname, #varname)

#endif /* !Py_LIMITED_API */

Type objects contain a string containing the type name (to help somewhat

in debugging), the allocation parameters (see PyObject_New() and

PyObject_NewVar()),

and methods for accessing objects of the type. Methods are optional, a

nil pointer meaning that particular kind of access is not available for

this type. The Py_DECREF() macro uses the tp_dealloc method without

checking for a nil pointer; it should always be implemented except if

the implementation can guarantee that the reference count will never

reach zero (e.g., for statically allocated type objects).

NB: the methods for certain type groups are now contained in separate

method blocks.

typedef PyObject * (*unaryfunc)(PyObject *);

typedef PyObject * (*binaryfunc)(PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef PyObject * (*ternaryfunc)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*inquiry)(PyObject *);

typedef Py_ssize_t (*lenfunc)(PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*ssizeargfunc)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t);

typedef PyObject *(*ssizessizeargfunc)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t);

typedef int(*ssizeobjargproc)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, PyObject *);

typedef int(*ssizessizeobjargproc)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t, Py_ssize_t, PyObject *);

typedef int(*objobjargproc)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* buffer interface */

typedef struct bufferinfo {

void *buf;

PyObject *obj; /* owned reference */

Py_ssize_t len;

Py_ssize_t itemsize; /* This is Py_ssize_t so it can be

pointed to by strides in simple case.*/

int readonly;

int ndim;

char *format;

Py_ssize_t *shape;

Py_ssize_t *strides;

Py_ssize_t *suboffsets;

void *internal;

} Py_buffer;

typedef int (*getbufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *, int);

typedef void (*releasebufferproc)(PyObject *, Py_buffer *);

/* Maximum number of dimensions */

#define PyBUF_MAX_NDIM 64

/* Flags for getting buffers */

#define PyBUF_SIMPLE 0

#define PyBUF_WRITABLE 0x0001

/* we used to include an E, backwards compatible alias */

#define PyBUF_WRITEABLE PyBUF_WRITABLE

#define PyBUF_FORMAT 0x0004

#define PyBUF_ND 0x0008

#define PyBUF_STRIDES (0x0010 | PyBUF_ND)

#define PyBUF_C_CONTIGUOUS (0x0020 | PyBUF_STRIDES)

#define PyBUF_F_CONTIGUOUS (0x0040 | PyBUF_STRIDES)

#define PyBUF_ANY_CONTIGUOUS (0x0080 | PyBUF_STRIDES)

#define PyBUF_INDIRECT (0x0100 | PyBUF_STRIDES)

#define PyBUF_CONTIG (PyBUF_ND | PyBUF_WRITABLE)

#define PyBUF_CONTIG_RO (PyBUF_ND)

#define PyBUF_STRIDED (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE)

#define PyBUF_STRIDED_RO (PyBUF_STRIDES)

#define PyBUF_RECORDS (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_WRITABLE | PyBUF_FORMAT)

#define PyBUF_RECORDS_RO (PyBUF_STRIDES | PyBUF_FORMAT)

#define PyBUF_FULL (PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_WRITABLE | PyBUF_FORMAT)

#define PyBUF_FULL_RO (PyBUF_INDIRECT | PyBUF_FORMAT)

#define PyBUF_READ 0x100

#define PyBUF_WRITE 0x200

/* End buffer interface */

#endif /* Py_LIMITED_API */

typedef int (*objobjproc)(PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*visitproc)(PyObject *, void *);

typedef int (*traverseproc)(PyObject *, visitproc, void *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

typedef struct {

/* Number implementations must check *both*

arguments for proper type and implement the necessary conversions

in the slot functions themselves. */

binaryfunc nb_add;

binaryfunc nb_subtract;

binaryfunc nb_multiply;

binaryfunc nb_remainder;

binaryfunc nb_divmod;

ternaryfunc nb_power;

unaryfunc nb_negative;

unaryfunc nb_positive;

unaryfunc nb_absolute;

inquiry nb_bool;

unaryfunc nb_invert;

binaryfunc nb_lshift;

binaryfunc nb_rshift;

binaryfunc nb_and;

binaryfunc nb_xor;

binaryfunc nb_or;

unaryfunc nb_int;

void *nb_reserved; /* the slot formerly known as nb_long */

unaryfunc nb_float;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_add;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_subtract;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_multiply;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_remainder;

ternaryfunc nb_inplace_power;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_lshift;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_rshift;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_and;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_xor;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_or;

binaryfunc nb_floor_divide;

binaryfunc nb_true_divide;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_floor_divide;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_true_divide;

unaryfunc nb_index;

binaryfunc nb_matrix_multiply;

binaryfunc nb_inplace_matrix_multiply;

} PyNumberMethods;

typedef struct {

lenfunc sq_length;

binaryfunc sq_concat;

ssizeargfunc sq_repeat;

ssizeargfunc sq_item;

void *was_sq_slice;

ssizeobjargproc sq_ass_item;

void *was_sq_ass_slice;

objobjproc sq_contains;

binaryfunc sq_inplace_concat;

ssizeargfunc sq_inplace_repeat;

} PySequenceMethods;

typedef struct {

lenfunc mp_length;

binaryfunc mp_subscript;

objobjargproc mp_ass_subscript;

} PyMappingMethods;

typedef struct {

unaryfunc am_await;

unaryfunc am_aiter;

unaryfunc am_anext;

} PyAsyncMethods;

typedef struct {

getbufferproc bf_getbuffer;

releasebufferproc bf_releasebuffer;

} PyBufferProcs;

#endif /* Py_LIMITED_API */

typedef void (*freefunc)(void *);

typedef void (*destructor)(PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* We can't provide a full compile-time check that limited-API

users won't implement tp_print. However, not defining printfunc

and making tp_print of a different function pointer type

should at least cause a warning in most cases. */

typedef int (*printfunc)(PyObject *, FILE *, int);

#endif

typedef PyObject *(*getattrfunc)(PyObject *, char *);

typedef PyObject *(*getattrofunc)(PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*setattrfunc)(PyObject *, char *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*setattrofunc)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*reprfunc)(PyObject *);

typedef Py_hash_t (*hashfunc)(PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*richcmpfunc) (PyObject *, PyObject *, int);

typedef PyObject *(*getiterfunc) (PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*iternextfunc) (PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*descrgetfunc) (PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*descrsetfunc) (PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef int (*initproc)(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*newfunc)(struct _typeobject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

typedef PyObject *(*allocfunc)(struct _typeobject *, Py_ssize_t);

#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API

typedef struct _typeobject PyTypeObject; /* opaque */

#else

typedef struct _typeobject {

PyObject_VAR_HEAD

const char *tp_name; /* For printing, in format "<module>.<name>" */

Py_ssize_t tp_basicsize, tp_itemsize; /* For allocation */

/* Methods to implement standard operations */

destructor tp_dealloc;

printfunc tp_print;

getattrfunc tp_getattr;

setattrfunc tp_setattr;

PyAsyncMethods *tp_as_async; /* formerly known as tp_compare (Python 2)

or tp_reserved (Python 3) */

reprfunc tp_repr;

/* Method suites for standard classes */

PyNumberMethods *tp_as_number;

PySequenceMethods *tp_as_sequence;

PyMappingMethods *tp_as_mapping;

/* More standard operations (here for binary compatibility) */

hashfunc tp_hash;

ternaryfunc tp_call;

reprfunc tp_str;

getattrofunc tp_getattro;

setattrofunc tp_setattro;

/* Functions to access object as input/output buffer */

PyBufferProcs *tp_as_buffer;

/* Flags to define presence of optional/expanded features */

unsigned long tp_flags;

const char *tp_doc; /* Documentation string */

/* Assigned meaning in release 2.0 */

/* call function for all accessible objects */

traverseproc tp_traverse;

/* delete references to contained objects */

inquiry tp_clear;

/* Assigned meaning in release 2.1 */

/* rich comparisons */

richcmpfunc tp_richcompare;

/* weak reference enabler */

Py_ssize_t tp_weaklistoffset;

/* Iterators */

getiterfunc tp_iter;

iternextfunc tp_iternext;

/* Attribute descriptor and subclassing stuff */

struct PyMethodDef *tp_methods;

struct PyMemberDef *tp_members;

struct PyGetSetDef *tp_getset;

struct _typeobject *tp_base;

PyObject *tp_dict;

descrgetfunc tp_descr_get;

descrsetfunc tp_descr_set;

Py_ssize_t tp_dictoffset;

initproc tp_init;

allocfunc tp_alloc;

newfunc tp_new;

freefunc tp_free; /* Low-level free-memory routine */

inquiry tp_is_gc; /* For PyObject_IS_GC */

PyObject *tp_bases;

PyObject *tp_mro; /* method resolution order */

PyObject *tp_cache;

PyObject *tp_subclasses;

PyObject *tp_weaklist;

destructor tp_del;

/* Type attribute cache version tag. Added in version 2.6 */

unsigned int tp_version_tag;

destructor tp_finalize;

#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS

/* these must be last and never explicitly initialized */

Py_ssize_t tp_allocs;

Py_ssize_t tp_frees;

Py_ssize_t tp_maxalloc;

struct _typeobject *tp_prev;

struct _typeobject *tp_next;

#endif

} PyTypeObject;

#endif

typedef struct{

int slot; /* slot id, see below */

void *pfunc; /* function pointer */

} PyType_Slot;

typedef struct{

const char* name;

int basicsize;

int itemsize;

unsigned int flags;

PyType_Slot *slots; /* terminated by slot==0. */

} PyType_Spec;

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec*);

#if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || Py_LIMITED_API+0 >= 0x03030000

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject*) PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec*, PyObject*);

#endif

#if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || Py_LIMITED_API+0 >= 0x03040000

PyAPI_FUNC(void*) PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject*, int);

#endif

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* The *real* layout of a type object when allocated on the heap */

typedef struct _heaptypeobject {

/* Note: there's a dependency on the order of these members

in slotptr() in typeobject.c . */

PyTypeObject ht_type;

PyAsyncMethods as_async;

PyNumberMethods as_number;

PyMappingMethods as_mapping;

PySequenceMethods as_sequence; /* as_sequence comes after as_mapping,

so that the mapping wins when both

the mapping and the sequence define

a given operator (e.g. __getitem__).

see add_operators() in typeobject.c . */

PyBufferProcs as_buffer;

PyObject *ht_name, *ht_slots, *ht_qualname;

struct _dictkeysobject *ht_cached_keys;

/* here are optional user slots, followed by the members. */

} PyHeapTypeObject;

/* access macro to the members which are floating "behind" the object */

#define PyHeapType_GET_MEMBERS(etype) \

((PyMemberDef *)(((char *)etype) + Py_TYPE(etype)->tp_basicsize))

#endif

/* Generic type check */

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *, PyTypeObject *);

#define PyObject_TypeCheck(ob, tp) \

(Py_TYPE(ob) == (tp) || PyType_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(ob), (tp)))

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) PyType_Type; /* built-in 'type' */

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) PyBaseObject_Type; /* built-in 'object' */

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) PySuper_Type; /* built-in 'super' */

PyAPI_FUNC(unsigned long) PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject*);

#define PyType_Check(op) \

PyType_FastSubclass(Py_TYPE(op), Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS)

#define PyType_CheckExact(op) (Py_TYPE(op) == &PyType_Type)

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *, Py_ssize_t);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *,

PyObject *, PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(const char *) _PyType_Name(PyTypeObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_Lookup(PyTypeObject *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_LookupId(PyTypeObject *, _Py_Identifier *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_LookupSpecial(PyObject *, _Py_Identifier *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyTypeObject *) _PyType_CalculateMetaclass(PyTypeObject *, PyObject *);

#endif

PyAPI_FUNC(unsigned int) PyType_ClearCache(void);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_GetDocFromInternalDoc(const char *, const char *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyType_GetTextSignatureFromInternalDoc(const char *, const char *);

#endif

/* Generic operations on objects */

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

struct _Py_Identifier;

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_Print(PyObject *, FILE *, int);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_BreakPoint(void);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyObject_Dump(PyObject *);

#endif

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Repr(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Str(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *, PyObject *, int);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *, PyObject *, int);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *, const char *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *, const char *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *, const char *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_IsAbstract(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_GetAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_SetAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_HasAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *);

/* Replacements of PyObject_GetAttr() and _PyObject_GetAttrId() which

don't raise AttributeError.

Return 1 and set *result != NULL if an attribute is found.

Return 0 and set *result == NULL if an attribute is not found;

an AttributeError is silenced.

Return -1 and set *result == NULL if an error other than AttributeError

is raised.

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_LookupAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject **);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_LookupAttrId(PyObject *, struct _Py_Identifier *, PyObject **);

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject **) _PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *);

#endif

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_SelfIter(PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_NextNotImplemented(PyObject *);

#endif

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *,

PyObject *, PyObject *);

#if !defined(Py_LIMITED_API) || Py_LIMITED_API+0 >= 0x03030000

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *, PyObject *, void *);

#endif

PyAPI_FUNC(Py_hash_t) PyObject_Hash(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(Py_hash_t) PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_Not(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyCallable_Check(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyObject_CallFinalizer(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(PyObject *);

#endif

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* Same as PyObject_Generic{Get,Set}Attr, but passing the attributes

dict as the last parameter. */

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *)

_PyObject_GenericGetAttrWithDict(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, int);

PyAPI_FUNC(int)

_PyObject_GenericSetAttrWithDict(PyObject *, PyObject *,

PyObject *, PyObject *);

#endif /* !Py_LIMITED_API */

/* Helper to look up a builtin object */

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *)

_PyObject_GetBuiltin(const char *name);

#endif

/* PyObject_Dir(obj) acts like Python builtins.dir(obj), returning a

list of strings. PyObject_Dir(NULL) is like builtins.dir(),

returning the names of the current locals. In this case, if there are

no current locals, NULL is returned, and PyErr_Occurred() is false.

PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Dir(PyObject *);

/* Helpers for printing recursive container types */

PyAPI_FUNC(int) Py_ReprEnter(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) Py_ReprLeave(PyObject *);

/* Flag bits for printing: */

#define Py_PRINT_RAW 1 /* No string quotes etc. */

`Type flags (tp_flags)

These flags are used to extend the type structure in a backwards-compatible

fashion. Extensions can use the flags to indicate (and test) when a given

type structure contains a new feature. The Python core will use these when

introducing new functionality between major revisions (to avoid mid-version

changes in the PYTHON_API_VERSION).

Arbitration of the flag bit positions will need to be coordinated among

all extension writers who publicly release their extensions (this will

be fewer than you might expect!)..

Most flags were removed as of Python 3.0 to make room for new flags. (Some

flags are not for backwards compatibility but to indicate the presence of an

optional feature; these flags remain of course.)

Type definitions should use Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT for their tp_flags value.

Code can use PyType_HasFeature(type_ob, flag_value) to test whether the

given type object has a specified feature.

/* Set if the type object is dynamically allocated */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE (1UL << 9)

/* Set if the type allows subclassing */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE (1UL << 10)

/* Set if the type is 'ready' -- fully initialized */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_READY (1UL << 12)

/* Set while the type is being 'readied', to prevent recursive ready calls */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_READYING (1UL << 13)

/* Objects support garbage collection (see objimp.h) */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC (1UL << 14)

/* These two bits are preserved for Stackless Python, next after this is 17 */

#ifdef STACKLESS

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION (3UL << 15)

#else

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION 0

#endif

/* Objects support type attribute cache */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG (1UL << 18)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_VALID_VERSION_TAG (1UL << 19)

/* Type is abstract and cannot be instantiated */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT (1UL << 20)

/* These flags are used to determine if a type is a subclass. */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_LONG_SUBCLASS (1UL << 24)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_LIST_SUBCLASS (1UL << 25)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_TUPLE_SUBCLASS (1UL << 26)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_BYTES_SUBCLASS (1UL << 27)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_UNICODE_SUBCLASS (1UL << 28)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_DICT_SUBCLASS (1UL << 29)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_BASE_EXC_SUBCLASS (1UL << 30)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_TYPE_SUBCLASS (1UL << 31)

#define Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT ( \

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_STACKLESS_EXTENSION | \

Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG | \

/* NOTE: The following flags reuse lower bits (removed as part of the

* Python 3.0 transition). */

/* Type structure has tp_finalize member (3.4) */

#define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE (1UL << 0)

#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API

#define PyType_HasFeature(t,f) ((PyType_GetFlags(t) & (f)) != 0)

#else

#define PyType_HasFeature(t,f) (((t)->tp_flags & (f)) != 0)

#endif

#define PyType_FastSubclass(t,f) PyType_HasFeature(t,f)

The macros Py_INCREF(op) and Py_DECREF(op) are used to increment or decrement

reference counts. Py_DECREF calls the object's deallocator function when

the refcount falls to 0; for

objects that don't contain references to other objects or heap memory

this can be the standard function free(). Both macros can be used

wherever a void expression is allowed. The argument must not be a

NULL pointer. If it may be NULL, use Py_XINCREF/Py_XDECREF instead.

The macro _Py_NewReference(op) initialize reference counts to 1, and

in special builds (Py_REF_DEBUG, Py_TRACE_REFS) performs additional

bookkeeping appropriate to the special build.

We assume that the reference count field can never overflow; this can

be proven when the size of the field is the same as the pointer size, so

we ignore the possibility. Provided a C int is at least 32 bits (which

is implicitly assumed in many parts of this code), that's enough for

about 2**31 references to an object.

XXX The following became out of date in Python 2.2, but I'm not sure

XXX what the full truth is now. Certainly, heap-allocated type objects

XXX can and should be deallocated.

Type objects should never be deallocated; the type pointer in an object

is not considered to be a reference to the type object, to save

complications in the deallocation function. (This is actually a

decision that's up to the implementer of each new type so if you want,

you can count such references to the type object.)

/* First define a pile of simple helper macros, one set per special

* build symbol. These either expand to the obvious things, or to

* nothing at all when the special mode isn't in effect. The main

* macros can later be defined just once then, yet expand to different

* things depending on which special build options are and aren't in effect.

* Trust me <wink>: while painful, this is 20x easier to understand than,

* e.g, defining _Py_NewReference five different times in a maze of nested

* #ifdefs (we used to do that -- it was impenetrable).

#ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG

PyAPI_DATA(Py_ssize_t) _Py_RefTotal;

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_NegativeRefcount(const char *fname,

int lineno, PyObject *op);

PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) _Py_GetRefTotal(void);

#define _Py_INC_REFTOTAL _Py_RefTotal++

#define _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL _Py_RefTotal--

#define _Py_REF_DEBUG_COMMA ,

#define _Py_CHECK_REFCNT(OP) \

{ if (((PyObject*)OP)->ob_refcnt < 0) \

_Py_NegativeRefcount(__FILE__, __LINE__, \

(PyObject *)(OP)); \

}

/* Py_REF_DEBUG also controls the display of refcounts and memory block

* allocations at the interactive prompt and at interpreter shutdown

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _PyDebug_PrintTotalRefs(void);

#else

#define _Py_INC_REFTOTAL

#define _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL

#define _Py_REF_DEBUG_COMMA

#define _Py_CHECK_REFCNT(OP) /* a semicolon */;

#endif /* Py_REF_DEBUG */

#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS

PyAPI_FUNC(void) inc_count(PyTypeObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) dec_count(PyTypeObject *);

#define _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(OP) inc_count(Py_TYPE(OP))

#define _Py_INC_TPFREES(OP) dec_count(Py_TYPE(OP))

#define _Py_DEC_TPFREES(OP) Py_TYPE(OP)->tp_frees--

#define _Py_COUNT_ALLOCS_COMMA ,

#else

#define _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(OP)

#define _Py_INC_TPFREES(OP)

#define _Py_DEC_TPFREES(OP)

#define _Py_COUNT_ALLOCS_COMMA

#endif /* COUNT_ALLOCS */

#ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS

/* Py_TRACE_REFS is such major surgery that we call external routines. */

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_NewReference(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_Dealloc(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_PrintReferences(FILE *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_PrintReferenceAddresses(FILE *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *, int force);

#else

/* Without Py_TRACE_REFS, there's little enough to do that we expand code

* inline.

#define _Py_NewReference(op) ( \

_Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op) _Py_COUNT_ALLOCS_COMMA \

_Py_INC_REFTOTAL _Py_REF_DEBUG_COMMA \

Py_REFCNT(op) = 1)

#define _Py_ForgetReference(op) _Py_INC_TPFREES(op)

#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_Dealloc(PyObject *);

#else

#define _Py_Dealloc(op) ( \

_Py_INC_TPFREES(op) _Py_COUNT_ALLOCS_COMMA \

(*Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc)((PyObject *)(op)))

#endif

#endif /* !Py_TRACE_REFS */

#define Py_INCREF(op) ( \

_Py_INC_REFTOTAL _Py_REF_DEBUG_COMMA \

((PyObject *)(op))->ob_refcnt++)

#define Py_DECREF(op) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_decref_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

if (_Py_DEC_REFTOTAL _Py_REF_DEBUG_COMMA \

--(_py_decref_tmp)->ob_refcnt != 0) \

_Py_CHECK_REFCNT(_py_decref_tmp) \

else \

_Py_Dealloc(_py_decref_tmp); \

} while (0)

/* Safely decref `op` and set `op` to NULL, especially useful in tp_clear

* and tp_dealloc implementations.

* Note that "the obvious" code can be deadly:

* Py_XDECREF(op);

* op = NULL;

* Typically, `op` is something like self->containee, and `self` is done

* using its `containee` member. In the code sequence above, suppose

* `containee` is non-NULL with a refcount of 1. Its refcount falls to

* 0 on the first line, which can trigger an arbitrary amount of code,

* possibly including finalizers (like __del__ methods or weakref callbacks)

* coded in Python, which in turn can release the GIL and allow other threads

* to run, etc. Such code may even invoke methods of `self` again, or cause

* cyclic gc to trigger, but-- oops! --self->containee still points to the

* object being torn down, and it may be in an insane state while being torn

* down. This has in fact been a rich historic source of miserable (rare &

* hard-to-diagnose) segfaulting (and other) bugs.

* The safe way is:

* Py_CLEAR(op);

* That arranges to set `op` to NULL _before_ decref'ing, so that any code

* triggered as a side-effect of `op` getting torn down no longer believes

* `op` points to a valid object.

* There are cases where it's safe to use the naive code, but they're brittle.

* For example, if `op` points to a Python integer, you know that destroying

* one of those can't cause problems -- but in part that relies on that

* Python integers aren't currently weakly referencable. Best practice is

* to use Py_CLEAR() even if you can't think of a reason for why you need to.

#define Py_CLEAR(op) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

if (_py_tmp != NULL) { \

(op) = NULL; \

Py_DECREF(_py_tmp); \

} \

} while (0)

/* Macros to use in case the object pointer may be NULL: */

#define Py_XINCREF(op) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_xincref_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

if (_py_xincref_tmp != NULL) \

Py_INCREF(_py_xincref_tmp); \

} while (0)

#define Py_XDECREF(op) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_xdecref_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

if (_py_xdecref_tmp != NULL) \

Py_DECREF(_py_xdecref_tmp); \

} while (0)

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* Safely decref `op` and set `op` to `op2`.

* As in case of Py_CLEAR "the obvious" code can be deadly:

* Py_DECREF(op);

* op = op2;

* The safe way is:

* Py_SETREF(op, op2);

* That arranges to set `op` to `op2` _before_ decref'ing, so that any code

* triggered as a side-effect of `op` getting torn down no longer believes

* `op` points to a valid object.

* Py_XSETREF is a variant of Py_SETREF that uses Py_XDECREF instead of

* Py_DECREF.

#define Py_SETREF(op, op2) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

(op) = (op2); \

Py_DECREF(_py_tmp); \

} while (0)

#define Py_XSETREF(op, op2) \

do { \

PyObject *_py_tmp = (PyObject *)(op); \

(op) = (op2); \

Py_XDECREF(_py_tmp); \

} while (0)

#endif /* ifndef Py_LIMITED_API */

These are provided as conveniences to Python runtime embedders, so that

they can have object code that is not dependent on Python compilation flags.

PyAPI_FUNC(void) Py_IncRef(PyObject *);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) Py_DecRef(PyObject *);

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) _PyNone_Type;

PyAPI_DATA(PyTypeObject) _PyNotImplemented_Type;

#endif /* !Py_LIMITED_API */

_Py_NoneStruct is an object of undefined type which can be used in contexts

where NULL (nil) is not suitable (since NULL often means 'error').

Don't forget to apply Py_INCREF() when returning this value!!!

PyAPI_DATA(PyObject) _Py_NoneStruct; /* Don't use this directly */

#define Py_None (&_Py_NoneStruct)

/* Macro for returning Py_None from a function */

#define Py_RETURN_NONE return Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None

Py_NotImplemented is a singleton used to signal that an operation is

not implemented for a given type combination.

PyAPI_DATA(PyObject) _Py_NotImplementedStruct; /* Don't use this directly */

#define Py_NotImplemented (&_Py_NotImplementedStruct)

/* Macro for returning Py_NotImplemented from a function */

#define Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED \

return Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented), Py_NotImplemented

/* Rich comparison opcodes */

#define Py_LT 0

#define Py_LE 1

#define Py_EQ 2

#define Py_NE 3

#define Py_GT 4

#define Py_GE 5

* Macro for implementing rich comparisons

* Needs to be a macro because any C-comparable type can be used.

#define Py_RETURN_RICHCOMPARE(val1, val2, op) \

do { \

switch (op) { \

case Py_EQ: if ((val1) == (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

case Py_NE: if ((val1) != (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

case Py_LT: if ((val1) < (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

case Py_GT: if ((val1) > (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

case Py_LE: if ((val1) <= (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

case Py_GE: if ((val1) >= (val2)) Py_RETURN_TRUE; Py_RETURN_FALSE; \

default: \

Py_UNREACHABLE(); \

} \

} while (0)

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API

/* Maps Py_LT to Py_GT, ..., Py_GE to Py_LE.

* Defined in object.c.

PyAPI_DATA(int) _Py_SwappedOp[];

#endif /* !Py_LIMITED_API */

More conventions

================

Argument Checking

-----------------

Functions that take objects as arguments normally don't check for nil

arguments, but they do check the type of the argument, and return an

error if the function doesn't apply to the type.

Failure Modes

-------------

Functions may fail for a variety of reasons, including running out of

memory. This is communicated to the caller in two ways: an error string

is set (see errors.h), and the function result differs: functions that

normally return a pointer return NULL for failure, functions returning

an integer return -1 (which could be a legal return value too!), and

other functions return 0 for success and -1 for failure.

Callers should always check for errors before using the result. If

an error was set, the caller must either explicitly clear it, or pass

the error on to its caller.

Reference Counts

----------------

It takes a while to get used to the proper usage of reference counts.

Functions that create an object set the reference count to 1; such new

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cpython/Include/object.h at tkinter_docs · native-api/cpython · GitHub

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