auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);

} else {

return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;

}

auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");

if (func != nullptr) {

func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);

}

std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;

std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

bool isComplete() {

return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();

}

VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;

std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;

std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;

glm::vec2 pos;

glm::vec3 color;

glm::vec2 texCoord;

static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {

VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription{};

bindingDescription.binding = 0;

bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);

bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

return bindingDescription;

}

static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {

std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions{};

attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;

attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;

attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;

attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;

attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;

attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;

attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;

attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;

attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;

attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

return attributeDescriptions;

}

alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;

alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;

alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;

void run() {

initWindow();

initVulkan();

mainLoop();

cleanup();

}

GLFWwindow* window;

VkInstance instance;

VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;

VkSurfaceKHR surface;

VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

VkDevice device;

VkQueue graphicsQueue;

VkQueue presentQueue;

VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;

std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;

VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;

VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;

std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;

std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

VkRenderPass renderPass;

VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;

VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;

VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

VkCommandPool commandPool;

VkImage textureImage;

VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;

VkImageView textureImageView;

VkSampler textureSampler;

VkBuffer vertexBuffer;

VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;

VkBuffer indexBuffer;

VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;

std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;

std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;

std::vector<void*> uniformBuffersMapped;

VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;

std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;

std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;

std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;

uint32_t currentFrame = 0;

bool framebufferResized = false;

void initWindow() {

glfwInit();

glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);

glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);

glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);

}

static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {

auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));

app->framebufferResized = true;

}

void initVulkan() {

createInstance();

setupDebugMessenger();

createSurface();

pickPhysicalDevice();

createLogicalDevice();

createSwapChain();

createImageViews();

createRenderPass();

createDescriptorSetLayout();

createGraphicsPipeline();

createFramebuffers();

createCommandPool();

createTextureImage();

createTextureImageView();

createTextureSampler();

createVertexBuffer();

createIndexBuffer();

createUniformBuffers();

createDescriptorPool();

createDescriptorSets();

createCommandBuffers();

createSyncObjects();

}

void mainLoop() {

while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {

glfwPollEvents();

drawFrame();

}

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

}

void cleanupSwapChain() {

for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {

vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);

}

for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {

vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);

}

vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

}

void cleanup() {

cleanupSwapChain();

vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);

vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);

vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);

}

vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);

vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);

vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);

vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);

vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);

vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);

}

vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

if (enableValidationLayers) {

DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);

}

vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

glfwDestroyWindow(window);

glfwTerminate();

}

void recreateSwapChain() {

int width = 0, height = 0;

glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

while (width == 0 || height == 0) {

glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

glfwWaitEvents();

}

vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

cleanupSwapChain();

createSwapChain();

createImageViews();

createFramebuffers();

}

void createInstance() {

if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {

throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");

}

VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};

appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;

appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";

appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";

appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);

appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);

createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*) &debugCreateInfo;

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

createInfo.pNext = nullptr;

}

if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

}

}

void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {

createInfo = {};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;

createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;

createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;

createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;

}

void setupDebugMessenger() {

if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;

populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");

}

}

void createSurface() {

if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

}

}

void pickPhysicalDevice() {

uint32_t deviceCount = 0;

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

if (deviceCount == 0) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");

}

std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);

vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

for (const auto& device : devices) {

if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {

physicalDevice = device;

break;

}

}

if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");

}

}

void createLogicalDevice() {

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;

std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

float queuePriority = 1.0f;

for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {

VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};

queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;

queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;

queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;

queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

}

VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};

deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;

VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());

createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

if (enableValidationLayers) {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());

createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

} else {

createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

}

if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");

}

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);

vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);

}

void createSwapChain() {

SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);

VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);

VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;

if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {

imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;

}

VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};

createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;

createInfo.surface = surface;

createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;

createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;

createInfo.imageExtent = extent;

createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;

createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = {indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value()};

if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;

createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;

createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;

} else {

createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

}

createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;

createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;

createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;

createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");

}

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);

swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);

vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;

swapChainExtent = extent;

}

void createImageViews() {

swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat);

}

}

void createRenderPass() {

VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};

colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;

colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;

colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;

colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;

colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};

colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;

colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

VkSubpassDescription subpass{};

subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;

subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;

subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

VkSubpassDependency dependency{};

dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;

dependency.dstSubpass = 0;

dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;

dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;

dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};

renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;

renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;

renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;

renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;

renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");

}

}

void createDescriptorSetLayout() {

VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};

uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;

uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;

uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;

uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;

uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{};

samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;

samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;

samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;

samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;

samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = {uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding};

VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};

layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());

layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");

}

}

void createGraphicsPipeline() {

auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");

auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);

VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};

vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;

vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};

fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;

fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;

fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = {vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo};

VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};

vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();

auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;

vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());

vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;

vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};

inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;

inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};

viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

viewportState.viewportCount = 1;

viewportState.scissorCount = 1;

VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};

rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;

rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;

rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;

rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;

rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;

rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};

multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;

multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};

colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;

colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};

colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;

colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;

colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;

colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;

colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;

colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

std::vector<VkDynamicState> dynamicStates = {

VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,

VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR

};

VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState{};

dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(dynamicStates.size());

dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates.data();

VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};

pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;

pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");

}

VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};

pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;

pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;

pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;

pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;

pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;

pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;

pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;

pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;

pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;

pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;

pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;

pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");

}

vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);

vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);

}

void createFramebuffers() {

swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {

VkImageView attachments[] = {

swapChainImageViews[i]

};

VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};

framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;

framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;

framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;

framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;

framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;

framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;

framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");

}

}

}

void createCommandPool() {

QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};

poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;

poolInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;

poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");

}

}

void createTextureImage() {

int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;

stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load("textures/texture.jpg", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);

VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;

if (!pixels) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");

}

VkBuffer stagingBuffer;

VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

stbi_image_free(pixels);

createImage(texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);

copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));

transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

}

void createTextureImageView() {

textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB);

}

void createTextureSampler() {

VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{};

vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);

VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};

samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;

samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;

samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;

samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;

samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;

samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;

samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;

samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;

if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");

}

}

VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format) {

VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{};

viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;

viewInfo.image = image;

viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;

viewInfo.format = format;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;

viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

VkImageView imageView;

if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image view!");

}

return imageView;

}

void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {

VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};

imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;

imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;

imageInfo.extent.width = width;

imageInfo.extent.height = height;

imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;

imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;

imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;

imageInfo.format = format;

imageInfo.tiling = tiling;

imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;

imageInfo.usage = usage;

imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;

imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");

}

VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;

vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;

allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");

}

vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);

}

void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {

VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};

barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;

barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;

barrier.newLayout = newLayout;

barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;

barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;

barrier.image = image;

barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;

barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;

barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;

VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {

barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;

barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;

destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;

} else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {

barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;

destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;

} else {

throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");

}

vkCmdPipelineBarrier(

commandBuffer,

sourceStage, destinationStage,

0,

0, nullptr,

0, nullptr,

1, &barrier

);

endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);

}

void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {

VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

VkBufferImageCopy region{};

region.bufferOffset = 0;

region.bufferRowLength = 0;

region.bufferImageHeight = 0;

region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;

region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;

region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;

region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;

region.imageOffset = {0, 0, 0};

region.imageExtent = {

width,

height,

1

};

vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);

}

void createVertexBuffer() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

VkBuffer stagingBuffer;

VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

}

void createIndexBuffer() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

VkBuffer stagingBuffer;

VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

void* data;

vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t) bufferSize);

vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);

vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

}

void createUniformBuffers() {

VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

uniformBuffers.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

uniformBuffersMemory.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

uniformBuffersMapped.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);

vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], 0, bufferSize, 0, &uniformBuffersMapped[i]);

}

}

void createDescriptorPool() {

std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{};

poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;

poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;

poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};

poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;

poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());

poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();

poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");

}

}

void createDescriptorSets() {

std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT, descriptorSetLayout);

VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};

allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;

allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;

allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

descriptorSets.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {

throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");

}

for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {

VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};

bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];

bufferInfo.offset = 0;

bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);