cpython/Lib/turtle.py at 3.5 · python/cpython · GitHub

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# turtle.py: a Tkinter based turtle graphics module for Python

# Version 1.1b - 4. 5. 2009

# email: glingl@aon.at

# This software is provided 'as-is', without any express or implied

# warranty. In no event will the authors be held liable for any damages

# arising from the use of this software.

# Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose,

# including commercial applications, and to alter it and redistribute it

# freely, subject to the following restrictions:

# 1. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented; you must not

# claim that you wrote the original software. If you use this software

# in a product, an acknowledgment in the product documentation would be

# appreciated but is not required.

# 2. Altered source versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be

# misrepresented as being the original software.

# 3. This notice may not be removed or altered from any source distribution.

"""

Turtle graphics is a popular way for introducing programming to

kids. It was part of the original Logo programming language developed

by Wally Feurzig and Seymour Papert in 1966.

Imagine a robotic turtle starting at (0, 0) in the x-y plane. After an ``import turtle``, give it

the command turtle.forward(15), and it moves (on-screen!) 15 pixels in

the direction it is facing, drawing a line as it moves. Give it the

command turtle.right(25), and it rotates in-place 25 degrees clockwise.

By combining together these and similar commands, intricate shapes and

pictures can easily be drawn.

----- turtle.py

This module is an extended reimplementation of turtle.py from the

Python standard distribution up to Python 2.5. (See: http://www.python.org)

It tries to keep the merits of turtle.py and to be (nearly) 100%

compatible with it. This means in the first place to enable the

learning programmer to use all the commands, classes and methods

interactively when using the module from within IDLE run with

the -n switch.

Roughly it has the following features added:

- Better animation of the turtle movements, especially of turning the

turtle. So the turtles can more easily be used as a visual feedback

instrument by the (beginning) programmer.

- Different turtle shapes, gif-images as turtle shapes, user defined

and user controllable turtle shapes, among them compound

(multicolored) shapes. Turtle shapes can be stretched and tilted, which

makes turtles very versatile geometrical objects.

- Fine control over turtle movement and screen updates via delay(),

and enhanced tracer() and speed() methods.

- Aliases for the most commonly used commands, like fd for forward etc.,

following the early Logo traditions. This reduces the boring work of

typing long sequences of commands, which often occur in a natural way

when kids try to program fancy pictures on their first encounter with

turtle graphics.

- Turtles now have an undo()-method with configurable undo-buffer.

- Some simple commands/methods for creating event driven programs

(mouse-, key-, timer-events). Especially useful for programming games.

- A scrollable Canvas class. The default scrollable Canvas can be

extended interactively as needed while playing around with the turtle(s).

- A TurtleScreen class with methods controlling background color or

background image, window and canvas size and other properties of the

TurtleScreen.

- There is a method, setworldcoordinates(), to install a user defined

coordinate-system for the TurtleScreen.

- The implementation uses a 2-vector class named Vec2D, derived from tuple.

This class is public, so it can be imported by the application programmer,

which makes certain types of computations very natural and compact.

- Appearance of the TurtleScreen and the Turtles at startup/import can be

configured by means of a turtle.cfg configuration file.

The default configuration mimics the appearance of the old turtle module.

- If configured appropriately the module reads in docstrings from a docstring

dictionary in some different language, supplied separately and replaces

the English ones by those read in. There is a utility function

write_docstringdict() to write a dictionary with the original (English)

docstrings to disc, so it can serve as a template for translations.

Behind the scenes there are some features included with possible

extensions in mind. These will be commented and documented elsewhere.

"""

_ver = "turtle 1.1b- - for Python 3.1 - 4. 5. 2009"

# print(_ver)

import tkinter as TK

import types

import math

import time

import inspect

import sys

from os.path import isfile, split, join

from copy import deepcopy

from tkinter import simpledialog

_tg_classes = ['ScrolledCanvas', 'TurtleScreen', 'Screen',

'RawTurtle', 'Turtle', 'RawPen', 'Pen', 'Shape', 'Vec2D']

_tg_screen_functions = ['addshape', 'bgcolor', 'bgpic', 'bye',

'clearscreen', 'colormode', 'delay', 'exitonclick', 'getcanvas',

'getshapes', 'listen', 'mainloop', 'mode', 'numinput',

'onkey', 'onkeypress', 'onkeyrelease', 'onscreenclick', 'ontimer',

'register_shape', 'resetscreen', 'screensize', 'setup',

'setworldcoordinates', 'textinput', 'title', 'tracer', 'turtles', 'update',

'window_height', 'window_width']

_tg_turtle_functions = ['back', 'backward', 'begin_fill', 'begin_poly', 'bk',

'circle', 'clear', 'clearstamp', 'clearstamps', 'clone', 'color',

'degrees', 'distance', 'dot', 'down', 'end_fill', 'end_poly', 'fd',

'fillcolor', 'filling', 'forward', 'get_poly', 'getpen', 'getscreen', 'get_shapepoly',

'getturtle', 'goto', 'heading', 'hideturtle', 'home', 'ht', 'isdown',

'isvisible', 'left', 'lt', 'onclick', 'ondrag', 'onrelease', 'pd',

'pen', 'pencolor', 'pendown', 'pensize', 'penup', 'pos', 'position',

'pu', 'radians', 'right', 'reset', 'resizemode', 'rt',

'seth', 'setheading', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'settiltangle',

'setundobuffer', 'setx', 'sety', 'shape', 'shapesize', 'shapetransform', 'shearfactor', 'showturtle',

'speed', 'st', 'stamp', 'tilt', 'tiltangle', 'towards',

'turtlesize', 'undo', 'undobufferentries', 'up', 'width',

'write', 'xcor', 'ycor']

_tg_utilities = ['write_docstringdict', 'done']

__all__ = (_tg_classes + _tg_screen_functions + _tg_turtle_functions +

_tg_utilities + ['Terminator']) # + _math_functions)

_alias_list = ['addshape', 'backward', 'bk', 'fd', 'ht', 'lt', 'pd', 'pos',

'pu', 'rt', 'seth', 'setpos', 'setposition', 'st',

'turtlesize', 'up', 'width']

_CFG = {"width" : 0.5, # Screen

"height" : 0.75,

"canvwidth" : 400,

"canvheight": 300,

"leftright": None,

"topbottom": None,

"mode": "standard", # TurtleScreen

"colormode": 1.0,

"delay": 10,

"undobuffersize": 1000, # RawTurtle

"shape": "classic",

"pencolor" : "black",

"fillcolor" : "black",

"resizemode" : "noresize",

"visible" : True,

"language": "english", # docstrings

"exampleturtle": "turtle",

"examplescreen": "screen",

"title": "Python Turtle Graphics",

"using_IDLE": False

}

def config_dict(filename):

"""Convert content of config-file into dictionary."""

with open(filename, "r") as f:

cfglines = f.readlines()

cfgdict = {}

for line in cfglines:

line = line.strip()

if not line or line.startswith("#"):

continue

try:

key, value = line.split("=")

except ValueError:

print("Bad line in config-file %s:\n%s" % (filename,line))

continue

key = key.strip()

value = value.strip()

if value in ["True", "False", "None", "''", '""']:

value = eval(value)

else:

try:

if "." in value:

value = float(value)

else:

value = int(value)

except ValueError:

pass # value need not be converted

cfgdict[key] = value

return cfgdict

def readconfig(cfgdict):

"""Read config-files, change configuration-dict accordingly.

If there is a turtle.cfg file in the current working directory,

read it from there. If this contains an importconfig-value,

say 'myway', construct filename turtle_mayway.cfg else use

turtle.cfg and read it from the import-directory, where

turtle.py is located.

Update configuration dictionary first according to config-file,

in the import directory, then according to config-file in the

current working directory.

If no config-file is found, the default configuration is used.

"""

default_cfg = "turtle.cfg"

cfgdict1 = {}

cfgdict2 = {}

if isfile(default_cfg):

cfgdict1 = config_dict(default_cfg)

if "importconfig" in cfgdict1:

default_cfg = "turtle_%s.cfg" % cfgdict1["importconfig"]

try:

head, tail = split(__file__)

cfg_file2 = join(head, default_cfg)

except Exception:

cfg_file2 = ""

if isfile(cfg_file2):

cfgdict2 = config_dict(cfg_file2)

_CFG.update(cfgdict2)

_CFG.update(cfgdict1)

try:

readconfig(_CFG)

except Exception:

print ("No configfile read, reason unknown")

class Vec2D(tuple):

"""A 2 dimensional vector class, used as a helper class

for implementing turtle graphics.

May be useful for turtle graphics programs also.

Derived from tuple, so a vector is a tuple!

Provides (for a, b vectors, k number):

a+b vector addition

a-b vector subtraction

a*b inner product

k*a and a*k multiplication with scalar

|a| absolute value of a

a.rotate(angle) rotation

"""

def __new__(cls, x, y):

return tuple.__new__(cls, (x, y))

def __add__(self, other):

return Vec2D(self[0]+other[0], self[1]+other[1])

def __mul__(self, other):

if isinstance(other, Vec2D):

return self[0]*other[0]+self[1]*other[1]

return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)

def __rmul__(self, other):

if isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float):

return Vec2D(self[0]*other, self[1]*other)

def __sub__(self, other):

return Vec2D(self[0]-other[0], self[1]-other[1])

def __neg__(self):

return Vec2D(-self[0], -self[1])

def __abs__(self):

return (self[0]**2 + self[1]**2)**0.5

def rotate(self, angle):

"""rotate self counterclockwise by angle

"""

perp = Vec2D(-self[1], self[0])

angle = angle * math.pi / 180.0

c, s = math.cos(angle), math.sin(angle)

return Vec2D(self[0]*c+perp[0]*s, self[1]*c+perp[1]*s)

def __getnewargs__(self):

return (self[0], self[1])

def __repr__(self):

return "(%.2f,%.2f)" % self

##############################################################################

### From here up to line : Tkinter - Interface for turtle.py ###

### May be replaced by an interface to some different graphics toolkit ###

##############################################################################

## helper functions for Scrolled Canvas, to forward Canvas-methods

## to ScrolledCanvas class

def __methodDict(cls, _dict):

"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""

baseList = list(cls.__bases__)

baseList.reverse()

for _super in baseList:

__methodDict(_super, _dict)

for key, value in cls.__dict__.items():

if type(value) == types.FunctionType:

_dict[key] = value

def __methods(cls):

"""helper function for Scrolled Canvas"""

_dict = {}

__methodDict(cls, _dict)

return _dict.keys()

__stringBody = (

'def %(method)s(self, *args, **kw): return ' +

'self.%(attribute)s.%(method)s(*args, **kw)')

def __forwardmethods(fromClass, toClass, toPart, exclude = ()):

### MANY CHANGES ###

_dict_1 = {}

__methodDict(toClass, _dict_1)

_dict = {}

mfc = __methods(fromClass)

for ex in _dict_1.keys():

if ex[:1] == '_' or ex[-1:] == '_' or ex in exclude or ex in mfc:

pass

else:

_dict[ex] = _dict_1[ex]

for method, func in _dict.items():

d = {'method': method, 'func': func}

if isinstance(toPart, str):

execString = \

__stringBody % {'method' : method, 'attribute' : toPart}

exec(execString, d)

setattr(fromClass, method, d[method]) ### NEWU!

class ScrolledCanvas(TK.Frame):

"""Modeled after the scrolled canvas class from Grayons's Tkinter book.

Used as the default canvas, which pops up automatically when

using turtle graphics functions or the Turtle class.

"""

def __init__(self, master, width=500, height=350,

canvwidth=600, canvheight=500):

TK.Frame.__init__(self, master, width=width, height=height)

self._rootwindow = self.winfo_toplevel()

self.width, self.height = width, height

self.canvwidth, self.canvheight = canvwidth, canvheight

self.bg = "white"

self._canvas = TK.Canvas(master, width=width, height=height,

bg=self.bg, relief=TK.SUNKEN, borderwidth=2)

self.hscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.xview,

orient=TK.HORIZONTAL)

self.vscroll = TK.Scrollbar(master, command=self._canvas.yview)

self._canvas.configure(xscrollcommand=self.hscroll.set,

yscrollcommand=self.vscroll.set)

self.rowconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)

self.columnconfigure(0, weight=1, minsize=0)

self._canvas.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,

column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')

self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,

column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')

self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,

column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')

self.reset()

self._rootwindow.bind('<Configure>', self.onResize)

def reset(self, canvwidth=None, canvheight=None, bg = None):

"""Adjust canvas and scrollbars according to given canvas size."""

if canvwidth:

self.canvwidth = canvwidth

if canvheight:

self.canvheight = canvheight

if bg:

self.bg = bg

self._canvas.config(bg=bg,

scrollregion=(-self.canvwidth//2, -self.canvheight//2,

self.canvwidth//2, self.canvheight//2))

self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth - self.width + 30) /

self.canvwidth)

self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight- self.height + 30) /

self.canvheight)

self.adjustScrolls()

def adjustScrolls(self):

""" Adjust scrollbars according to window- and canvas-size.

"""

cwidth = self._canvas.winfo_width()

cheight = self._canvas.winfo_height()

self._canvas.xview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvwidth-cwidth)/self.canvwidth)

self._canvas.yview_moveto(0.5*(self.canvheight-cheight)/self.canvheight)

if cwidth < self.canvwidth or cheight < self.canvheight:

self.hscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=1,

column=0, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')

self.vscroll.grid(padx=1, in_ = self, pady=1, row=0,

column=1, rowspan=1, columnspan=1, sticky='news')

else:

self.hscroll.grid_forget()

self.vscroll.grid_forget()

def onResize(self, event):

"""self-explanatory"""

self.adjustScrolls()

def bbox(self, *args):