FazBrowse GitHub Viewer
|
Trending
|
URL:
|
Home
Tools:
[Download Repo ZIP]
[View Raw Code]
[Original HTTPS Page]
python-docs-pl/extending/extending.po at friendly-traceback · python/python-docs-pl · GitHub
python
python-docs-pl
Repository navigation
Code
Issues
4
(4)
Pull requests
2
(2)
Actions
Security and quality
Insights
Expand file tree
Breadcrumbs
python-docs-pl
/
extending
/
extending.po
Copy path
More file actions
More file actions
Latest commit
History
History
History
1516 lines (1350 loc) · 61.2 KB
Breadcrumbs
python-docs-pl
/
extending
/
extending.po
Copy path
File metadata and controls
1516 lines (1350 loc) · 61.2 KB
Raw
Copy raw file
Download raw file
Open symbols panel
Edit and raw actions
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
#
SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
#
Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
#
This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#
Translators:
#
python-doc bot, 2026
#
#,
fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"
Project-Id-Version
:
Python 3.15\n
"
"
Report-Msgid-Bugs-To
:
\n
"
"
POT-Creation-Date
:
2026-08-15 14:15+0000\n
"
"
PO-Revision-Date
:
2025-09-16 00:00+0000\n
"
"
Last-Translator
:
python-doc bot, 2026\n
"
"
Language-Team
:
Polish (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n
"
"
MIME-Version
:
1.0\n
"
"
Content-Type
:
text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n
"
"
Content-Transfer-Encoding
:
8bit\n
"
"
Language
:
pl\n
"
"
Plural-Forms
:
nplurals=4; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : (n%10>=2 && n%10<=4) &&
"
"
(n%100<12 || n%100>14) ? 1 : n!=1 && (n%10>=0 && n%10<=1) || (n%10>=5 &&
"
"
n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n
"
msgid
"Using the C API: Assorted topics"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The :ref:`tutorial <first-extension-module>` walked you through creating a C "
"API extension module, but left many areas unexplained. This document looks "
"at several concepts that you'll need to learn in order to write more complex "
"extensions."
msgstr
""
msgid
"Errors and Exceptions"
msgstr
"Błędy i wyjątki"
msgid
""
"An important convention throughout the Python interpreter is the following: "
"when a function fails, it should set an exception condition and return an "
"error value (usually ``-1`` or a ``NULL`` pointer). Exception information "
"is stored in three members of the interpreter's thread state. These are "
"``NULL`` if there is no exception. Otherwise they are the C equivalents of "
"the members of the Python tuple returned by :meth:`sys.exc_info`. These are "
"the exception type, exception instance, and a traceback object. It is "
"important to know about them to understand how errors are passed around."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The Python API defines a number of functions to set various types of "
"exceptions."
msgstr
""
"Sprzęg języka pytonowskiego określa pewien zestaw zadań do ustawiania "
"różnych rodzajów wyjątków."
msgid
""
"The most common one is :c:func:`PyErr_SetString`. Its arguments are an "
"exception object and a C string. The exception object is usually a "
"predefined object like :c:data:`PyExc_ZeroDivisionError`. The C string "
"indicates the cause of the error and is converted to a Python string object "
"and stored as the
\"
associated value
\"
of the exception."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Another useful function is :c:func:`PyErr_SetFromErrno`, which only takes an "
"exception argument and constructs the associated value by inspection of the "
"global variable :c:data:`errno`. The most general function is :c:func:"
"`PyErr_SetObject`, which takes two object arguments, the exception and its "
"associated value. You don't need to :c:func:`Py_INCREF` the objects passed "
"to any of these functions."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"You can test non-destructively whether an exception has been set with :c:"
"func:`PyErr_Occurred`. This returns the current exception object, or "
"``NULL`` if no exception has occurred. You normally don't need to call :c:"
"func:`PyErr_Occurred` to see whether an error occurred in a function call, "
"since you should be able to tell from the return value."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"When a function *f* that calls another function *g* detects that the latter "
"fails, *f* should itself return an error value (usually ``NULL`` or "
"``-1``). It should *not* call one of the ``PyErr_*`` functions --- one has "
"already been called by *g*. *f*'s caller is then supposed to also return an "
"error indication to *its* caller, again *without* calling ``PyErr_*``, and "
"so on --- the most detailed cause of the error was already reported by the "
"function that first detected it. Once the error reaches the Python "
"interpreter's main loop, this aborts the currently executing Python code and "
"tries to find an exception handler specified by the Python programmer."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"(There are situations where a module can actually give a more detailed error "
"message by calling another ``PyErr_*`` function, and in such cases it is "
"fine to do so. As a general rule, however, this is not necessary, and can "
"cause information about the cause of the error to be lost: most operations "
"can fail for a variety of reasons.)"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"To ignore an exception set by a function call that failed, the exception "
"condition must be cleared explicitly by calling :c:func:`PyErr_Clear`. The "
"only time C code should call :c:func:`PyErr_Clear` is if it doesn't want to "
"pass the error on to the interpreter but wants to handle it completely by "
"itself (possibly by trying something else, or pretending nothing went wrong)."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Every failing :c:func:`malloc` call must be turned into an exception --- the "
"direct caller of :c:func:`malloc` (or :c:func:`realloc`) must call :c:func:"
"`PyErr_NoMemory` and return a failure indicator itself. All the object-"
"creating functions (for example, :c:func:`PyLong_FromLong`) already do this, "
"so this note is only relevant to those who call :c:func:`malloc` directly."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Also note that, with the important exception of :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` "
"and friends, functions that return an integer status usually return a "
"positive value or zero for success and ``-1`` for failure, like Unix system "
"calls."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Finally, be careful to clean up garbage (by making :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` or :"
"c:func:`Py_DECREF` calls for objects you have already created) when you "
"return an error indicator!"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The choice of which exception to raise is entirely yours. There are "
"predeclared C objects corresponding to all built-in Python exceptions, such "
"as :c:data:`PyExc_ZeroDivisionError`, which you can use directly. Of course, "
"you should choose exceptions wisely --- don't use :c:data:`PyExc_TypeError` "
"to mean that a file couldn't be opened (that should probably be :c:data:"
"`PyExc_OSError`). If something's wrong with the argument list, the :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTuple` function usually raises :c:data:`PyExc_TypeError`. If "
"you have an argument whose value must be in a particular range or must "
"satisfy other conditions, :c:data:`PyExc_ValueError` is appropriate."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"You can also define a new exception that is unique to your module. The "
"simplest way to do this is to declare a static global object variable at the "
"beginning of the file::"
msgstr
""
msgid
"static PyObject *SpamError = NULL;"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"and initialize it by calling :c:func:`PyErr_NewException` in the module's :c:"
"data:`Py_mod_exec` function (:c:func:`!spam_module_exec`)::"
msgstr
""
msgid
"SpamError = PyErr_NewException(
\"
spam.error
\"
, NULL, NULL);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Since :c:data:`!SpamError` is a global variable, it will be overwritten "
"every time the module is reinitialized, when the :c:data:`Py_mod_exec` "
"function is called."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"For now, let's avoid the issue: we will block repeated initialization by "
"raising an :py:exc:`ImportError`::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"static PyObject *SpamError = NULL;\n"
"\n"
"static int\n"
"spam_module_exec(PyObject *m)\n"
"{\n"
" if (SpamError != NULL) {\n"
" PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError,\n"
"
\"
cannot initialize spam module more than once
\"
);\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
" SpamError = PyErr_NewException(
\"
spam.error
\"
, NULL, NULL);\n"
" if (PyModule_AddObjectRef(m,
\"
SpamError
\"
, SpamError) < 0) {\n"
" return -1;\n"
" }\n"
"\n"
" return 0;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyModuleDef_Slot spam_module_slots[] = {\n"
" {Py_mod_exec, spam_module_exec},\n"
" {0, NULL}\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"static struct PyModuleDef spam_module = {\n"
" .m_base = PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,\n"
" .m_name =
\"
spam
\"
,\n"
" .m_size = 0, // non-negative\n"
" .m_slots = spam_module_slots,\n"
"};\n"
"\n"
"PyMODINIT_FUNC\n"
"PyInit_spam(void)\n"
"{\n"
" return PyModuleDef_Init(&spam_module);\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Note that the Python name for the exception object is :exc:`!spam.error`. "
"The :c:func:`PyErr_NewException` function may create a class with the base "
"class being :exc:`Exception` (unless another class is passed in instead of "
"``NULL``), described in :ref:`bltin-exceptions`."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Note also that the :c:data:`!SpamError` variable retains a reference to the "
"newly created exception class; this is intentional! Since the exception "
"could be removed from the module by external code, an owned reference to the "
"class is needed to ensure that it will not be discarded, causing :c:data:`!"
"SpamError` to become a dangling pointer. Should it become a dangling "
"pointer, C code which raises the exception could cause a core dump or other "
"unintended side effects."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"For now, the :c:func:`Py_DECREF` call to remove this reference is missing. "
"Even when the Python interpreter shuts down, the global :c:data:`!SpamError` "
"variable will not be garbage-collected. It will
\"
leak
\"
. We did, however, "
"ensure that this will happen at most once per process."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"We discuss the use of :c:macro:`PyMODINIT_FUNC` as a function return type "
"later in this sample."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The :exc:`!spam.error` exception can be raised in your extension module "
"using a call to :c:func:`PyErr_SetString` as shown below::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"static PyObject *\n"
"spam_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)\n"
"{\n"
" const char *command;\n"
" int sts;\n"
"\n"
" if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
s
\"
, &command))\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" sts = system(command);\n"
" if (sts < 0) {\n"
" PyErr_SetString(SpamError,
\"
System command failed
\"
);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" return PyLong_FromLong(sts);\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Embedding an extension"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"If you want to make your module a permanent part of the Python interpreter, "
"you will have to change the configuration setup and rebuild the "
"interpreter. On Unix, place your file (:file:`spammodule.c` for example) in "
"the :file:`Modules/` directory of an unpacked source distribution, add a "
"line to the file :file:`Modules/Setup.local` describing your file:"
msgstr
""
msgid
"spam spammodule.o"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"and rebuild the interpreter by running :program:`make` in the toplevel "
"directory. You can also run :program:`make` in the :file:`Modules/` "
"subdirectory, but then you must first rebuild :file:`Makefile` there by "
"running ':program:`make` Makefile'. (This is necessary each time you change "
"the :file:`Setup` file.)"
msgstr
""
"i przebuduj program interpretujący przez uruchomienie programu :program:"
"`make` w katalogu głównym instalacji. Możesz także uruchomić program :"
"program:`make` w podkatalogu :file:`Modules/`, ale wtedy musisz najpierw "
"przebudować plik :file:`Makefile` tam przez uruchomienie programu :program:"
"`make` Makefile'. To jest konieczne za każdym razem gdy zmieniasz plik :file:"
"`Setup`.)"
msgid
""
"If your module requires additional libraries to link with, these can be "
"listed on the line in the configuration file as well, for instance:"
msgstr
""
msgid
"spam spammodule.o -lX11"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Calling Python Functions from C"
msgstr
"Wywoływanie zadań języka pytonowskiego z C"
msgid
""
"The tutorial concentrated on making C functions callable from Python. The "
"reverse is also useful: calling Python functions from C. This is especially "
"the case for libraries that support so-called
\"
callback
\"
functions. If a "
"C interface makes use of callbacks, the equivalent Python often needs to "
"provide a callback mechanism to the Python programmer; the implementation "
"will require calling the Python callback functions from a C callback. Other "
"uses are also imaginable."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Fortunately, the Python interpreter is easily called recursively, and there "
"is a standard interface to call a Python function. (If you're interested in "
"how to call the Python parser with a particular string as input, see :ref:"
"`veryhigh`.)"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Calling a Python function is easy. First, the Python program must somehow "
"pass you the Python function object. You should provide a function (or some "
"other interface) to do this. When this function is called, save a pointer "
"to the Python function object (be careful to :c:func:`Py_INCREF` it!) in a "
"global variable --- or wherever you see fit. For example, the following "
"function might be part of a module definition::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"static PyObject *my_callback = NULL;\n"
"\n"
"static PyObject *\n"
"my_set_callback(PyObject *dummy, PyObject *args)\n"
"{\n"
" PyObject *result = NULL;\n"
" PyObject *temp;\n"
"\n"
" if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
O:set_callback
\"
, &temp)) {\n"
" if (!PyCallable_Check(temp)) {\n"
" PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
\"
parameter must be "
"callable
\"
);\n"
" return NULL;\n"
" }\n"
" Py_XINCREF(temp); /* Add a reference to new callback */\n"
" Py_XDECREF(my_callback); /* Dispose of previous callback */\n"
" my_callback = temp; /* Remember new callback */\n"
" /* Boilerplate to return
\"
None
\"
*/\n"
" Py_INCREF(Py_None);\n"
" result = Py_None;\n"
" }\n"
" return result;\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"This function must be registered with the interpreter using the :c:macro:"
"`METH_VARARGS` flag in :c:type:`PyMethodDef.ml_flags`. The :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTuple` function and its arguments are documented in section :ref:"
"`parsetuple`."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The macros :c:func:`Py_XINCREF` and :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` increment/decrement "
"the reference count of an object and are safe in the presence of ``NULL`` "
"pointers (but note that *temp* will not be ``NULL`` in this context). More "
"info on them in section :ref:`refcounts`."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Later, when it is time to call the function, you call the C function :c:func:"
"`PyObject_CallObject`. This function has two arguments, both pointers to "
"arbitrary Python objects: the Python function, and the argument list. The "
"argument list must always be a tuple object, whose length is the number of "
"arguments. To call the Python function with no arguments, pass in ``NULL``, "
"or an empty tuple; to call it with one argument, pass a singleton tuple. :c:"
"func:`Py_BuildValue` returns a tuple when its format string consists of zero "
"or more format codes between parentheses. For example::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"int arg;\n"
"PyObject *arglist;\n"
"PyObject *result;\n"
"...\n"
"arg = 123;\n"
"...\n"
"/* Time to call the callback */\n"
"arglist = Py_BuildValue(
\"
(i)
\"
, arg);\n"
"result = PyObject_CallObject(my_callback, arglist);\n"
"Py_DECREF(arglist);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
":c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` returns a Python object pointer: this is the "
"return value of the Python function. :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` is "
"
\"
reference-count-neutral
\"
with respect to its arguments. In the example a "
"new tuple was created to serve as the argument list, which is :c:func:"
"`Py_DECREF`
\\
-ed immediately after the :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` call."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The return value of :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` is
\"
new
\"
: either it is a "
"brand new object, or it is an existing object whose reference count has been "
"incremented. So, unless you want to save it in a global variable, you "
"should somehow :c:func:`Py_DECREF` the result, even (especially!) if you are "
"not interested in its value."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Before you do this, however, it is important to check that the return value "
"isn't ``NULL``. If it is, the Python function terminated by raising an "
"exception. If the C code that called :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject` is called "
"from Python, it should now return an error indication to its Python caller, "
"so the interpreter can print a stack trace, or the calling Python code can "
"handle the exception. If this is not possible or desirable, the exception "
"should be cleared by calling :c:func:`PyErr_Clear`. For example::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"if (result == NULL)\n"
" return NULL; /* Pass error back */\n"
"...use result...\n"
"Py_DECREF(result);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Depending on the desired interface to the Python callback function, you may "
"also have to provide an argument list to :c:func:`PyObject_CallObject`. In "
"some cases the argument list is also provided by the Python program, through "
"the same interface that specified the callback function. It can then be "
"saved and used in the same manner as the function object. In other cases, "
"you may have to construct a new tuple to pass as the argument list. The "
"simplest way to do this is to call :c:func:`Py_BuildValue`. For example, if "
"you want to pass an integral event code, you might use the following code::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"PyObject *arglist;\n"
"...\n"
"arglist = Py_BuildValue(
\"
(l)
\"
, eventcode);\n"
"result = PyObject_CallObject(my_callback, arglist);\n"
"Py_DECREF(arglist);\n"
"if (result == NULL)\n"
" return NULL; /* Pass error back */\n"
"/* Here maybe use the result */\n"
"Py_DECREF(result);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Note the placement of ``Py_DECREF(arglist)`` immediately after the call, "
"before the error check! Also note that strictly speaking this code is not "
"complete: :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` may run out of memory, and this should be "
"checked."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"You may also call a function with keyword arguments by using :c:func:"
"`PyObject_Call`, which supports arguments and keyword arguments. As in the "
"above example, we use :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` to construct the dictionary. ::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"PyObject *dict;\n"
"...\n"
"dict = Py_BuildValue(
\"
{s:i}
\"
,
\"
name
\"
, val);\n"
"result = PyObject_Call(my_callback, NULL, dict);\n"
"Py_DECREF(dict);\n"
"if (result == NULL)\n"
" return NULL; /* Pass error back */\n"
"/* Here maybe use the result */\n"
"Py_DECREF(result);"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions"
msgstr
"Wydobywanie parametrów w zadaniach rozszerzających"
msgid
""
"The :ref:`tutorial <first-extension-module>` uses a
\"
:c:data:`METH_O`
\"
"
"function, which is limited to a single Python argument. If you want more, "
"you can use :c:data:`METH_VARARGS` instead. With this flag, the C function "
"will receive a :py:class:`tuple` of arguments instead of a single object."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"For unpacking the tuple, CPython provides the :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` "
"function, declared as follows::"
msgstr
""
msgid
"int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *arg, const char *format, ...);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The *arg* argument must be a tuple object containing an argument list passed "
"from Python to a C function. The *format* argument must be a format string, "
"whose syntax is explained in :ref:`arg-parsing` in the Python/C API "
"Reference Manual. The remaining arguments must be addresses of variables "
"whose type is determined by the format string."
msgstr
""
"Parametr *arg* musi być przedmiotem - krotką zawierającym listę parametrów z "
"języka pytonowskiego dla zadania C. Parametr *format* musi być ciągiem "
"formatu, którego składnia jest wyjaśniona w :ref:`arg-parsing` w podręczniku "
"użytkownika API Python/C. Pozostałe parametry muszą być adresami zmiennych "
"których rodzaj jest określony przez ciąg formatujący."
msgid
""
"For example, to receive a single Python :py:class:`str` object and turn it "
"into a C buffer, you would use ``
\"
s
\"
`` as the format string::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"const char *command;\n"
"if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
s
\"
, &command)) {\n"
" return NULL;\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"If an error is detected in the argument list, :c:func:`!PyArg_ParseTuple` "
"returns ``NULL`` (the error indicator for functions returning object "
"pointers); your function may return ``NULL``, relying on the exception set "
"by :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple`."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Note that while :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` checks that the Python arguments "
"have the required types, it cannot check the validity of the addresses of C "
"variables passed to the call: if you make mistakes there, your code will "
"probably crash or at least overwrite random bits in memory. So be careful!"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Note that any Python object references which are provided to the caller are "
"*borrowed* references; do not decrement their reference count!"
msgstr
""
"Zauważ, że dowolne odniesienia do przedmiotów języka pytonowskiego, które są "
"dostarczone wołającemu są *pożyczonymi* odniesieniami; nie zmniejszaj liczby "
"tych odniesień."
msgid
"Some example calls::"
msgstr
"Pewne przykładowe wywołania::"
msgid
"#include <Python.h>"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"int ok;\n"
"int i, j;\n"
"long k, l;\n"
"const char *s;\n"
"Py_ssize_t size;\n"
"\n"
"ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"\"
); /* No arguments */\n"
" /* Python call: f() */"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
s
\"
, &s); /* A string */\n"
" /* Possible Python call: f('whoops!') */"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
lls
\"
, &k, &l, &s); /* Two longs and a string "
"*/\n"
" /* Possible Python call: f(1, 2, 'three') */"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
(ii)s#
\"
, &i, &j, &s, &size);\n"
" /* A pair of ints and a string, whose size is also returned */\n"
" /* Possible Python call: f((1, 2), 'three') */"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"{\n"
" const char *file;\n"
" const char *mode =
\"
r
\"
;\n"
" int bufsize = 0;\n"
" ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
s|si
\"
, &file, &mode, &bufsize);\n"
" /* A string, and optionally another string and an integer */\n"
" /* Possible Python calls:\n"
" f('spam')\n"
" f('spam', 'w')\n"
" f('spam', 'wb', 100000) */\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"{\n"
" int left, top, right, bottom, h, v;\n"
" ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
((ii)(ii))(ii)
\"
,\n"
" &left, &top, &right, &bottom, &h, &v);\n"
" /* A rectangle and a point */\n"
" /* Possible Python call:\n"
" f(((0, 0), (400, 300)), (10, 10)) */\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"{\n"
" Py_complex c;\n"
" ok = PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
\"
D:myfunction
\"
, &c);\n"
" /* a complex, also providing a function name for errors */\n"
" /* Possible Python call: myfunction(1+2j) */\n"
"}"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions"
msgstr
"Parametry kluczowe dla zadań rozszerzających"
msgid
""
"If you also want your function to accept :term:`keyword arguments <keyword "
"argument>`, use the :c:data:`METH_KEYWORDS` flag in combination with :c:data:"
"`METH_VARARGS`. (:c:data:`!METH_KEYWORDS` can also be used with other flags; "
"see its documentation for the allowed combinations.)"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"In this case, the C function should accept a third ``PyObject *`` parameter "
"which will be a dictionary of keywords. Use :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords` to parse the arguments to such a function."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords` function is declared as follows::"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *arg, PyObject *kwdict,\n"
" const char *format, char * const "
"*kwlist, ...);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The *arg* and *format* parameters are identical to those of the :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTuple` function. The *kwdict* parameter is the dictionary of "
"keywords received as the third parameter from the Python runtime. The "
"*kwlist* parameter is a ``NULL``-terminated list of strings which identify "
"the parameters; the names are matched with the type information from "
"*format* from left to right. On success, :c:func:"
"`PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords` returns true, otherwise it returns false and "
"raises an appropriate exception."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Nested tuples cannot be parsed when using keyword arguments! Keyword "
"parameters passed in which are not present in the *kwlist* will cause :exc:"
"`TypeError` to be raised."
msgstr
""
"Zagnieżdźone krotki nie mogą być wczytane gdy używane są parametry słów "
"kluczowych! Parametry słów kluczowych przekazane do zadania które nie są "
"obecne na liście *kwlist* spowodują że wyjątek :exc:`TypeError` zostanie "
"zgłoszony."
msgid
""
"Here is an example module which uses keywords, based on an example by Geoff "
"Philbrick (philbrick@hks.com)::"
msgstr
""
"Tu jest przykładowy moduł który używa słów kluczowych, oparty na przykładzie "
"Geoffa Philbricka (philbrick@hks.com)::"
msgid
""
"#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN\n"
"#include <Python.h>\n"
"\n"
"static PyObject *\n"
"keywdarg_parrot(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *keywds)\n"
"{\n"
" int voltage;\n"
" const char *state =
\"
a stiff
\"
;\n"
" const char *action =
\"
voom
\"
;\n"
" const char *type =
\"
Norwegian Blue
\"
;\n"
"\n"
" static char *kwlist[] = {
\"
voltage
\"
,
\"
state
\"
,
\"
action
\"
,
\"
type
\"
, "
"NULL};\n"
"\n"
" if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, keywds,
\"
i|sss
\"
, kwlist,\n"
" &voltage, &state, &action, &type))\n"
" return NULL;\n"
"\n"
" printf(
\"
-- This parrot wouldn't %s if you put %i Volts through it."
"
\\
n
\"
,\n"
" action, voltage);\n"
" printf(
\"
-- Lovely plumage, the %s -- It's %s!
\\
n
\"
, type, state);\n"
"\n"
" Py_RETURN_NONE;\n"
"}\n"
"\n"
"static PyMethodDef keywdarg_methods[] = {\n"
" /* The cast of the function is necessary since PyCFunction values\n"
" * only take two PyObject* parameters, and keywdarg_parrot() takes\n"
" * three.\n"
" */\n"
" {
\"
parrot
\"
, (PyCFunction)(void(*)(void))keywdarg_parrot, METH_VARARGS | "
"METH_KEYWORDS,\n"
"
\"
Print a lovely skit to standard output.
\"
},\n"
" {NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* sentinel */\n"
"};"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Building Arbitrary Values"
msgstr
"Budowanie dowolnych wartości"
msgid
""
"This function is the counterpart to :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple`. It is "
"declared as follows::"
msgstr
""
msgid
"PyObject *Py_BuildValue(const char *format, ...);"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"It recognizes a set of format units similar to the ones recognized by :c:"
"func:`PyArg_ParseTuple`, but the arguments (which are input to the function, "
"not output) must not be pointers, just values. It returns a new Python "
"object, suitable for returning from a C function called from Python."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"One difference with :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple`: while the latter requires "
"its first argument to be a tuple (since Python argument lists are always "
"represented as tuples internally), :c:func:`Py_BuildValue` does not always "
"build a tuple. It builds a tuple only if its format string contains two or "
"more format units. If the format string is empty, it returns ``None``; if it "
"contains exactly one format unit, it returns whatever object is described by "
"that format unit. To force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one, "
"parenthesize the format string."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Examples (to the left the call, to the right the resulting Python value):"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Py_BuildValue(
\"\"
) None\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
i
\"
, 123) 123\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
iii
\"
, 123, 456, 789) (123, 456, 789)\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
s
\"
,
\"
hello
\"
) 'hello'\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
y
\"
,
\"
hello
\"
) b'hello'\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
ss
\"
,
\"
hello
\"
,
\"
world
\"
) ('hello', 'world')\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
s#
\"
,
\"
hello
\"
, 4) 'hell'\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
y#
\"
,
\"
hello
\"
, 4) b'hell'\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
()
\"
) ()\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
(i)
\"
, 123) (123,)\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
(ii)
\"
, 123, 456) (123, 456)\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
(i,i)
\"
, 123, 456) (123, 456)\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
[i,i]
\"
, 123, 456) [123, 456]\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
{s:i,s:i}
\"
,\n"
"
\"
abc
\"
, 123,
\"
def
\"
, 456) {'abc': 123, 'def': 456}\n"
"Py_BuildValue(
\"
((ii)(ii)) (ii)
\"
,\n"
" 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (((1, 2), (3, 4)), (5, 6))"
msgstr
""
msgid
"Reference Counts"
msgstr
"Liczby odniesień"
msgid
""
"In languages like C or C++, the programmer is responsible for dynamic "
"allocation and deallocation of memory on the heap. In C, this is done using "
"the functions :c:func:`malloc` and :c:func:`free`. In C++, the operators "
"``new`` and ``delete`` are used with essentially the same meaning and we'll "
"restrict the following discussion to the C case."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Every block of memory allocated with :c:func:`malloc` should eventually be "
"returned to the pool of available memory by exactly one call to :c:func:"
"`free`. It is important to call :c:func:`free` at the right time. If a "
"block's address is forgotten but :c:func:`free` is not called for it, the "
"memory it occupies cannot be reused until the program terminates. This is "
"called a :dfn:`memory leak`. On the other hand, if a program calls :c:func:"
"`free` for a block and then continues to use the block, it creates a "
"conflict with reuse of the block through another :c:func:`malloc` call. "
"This is called :dfn:`using freed memory`. It has the same bad consequences "
"as referencing uninitialized data --- core dumps, wrong results, mysterious "
"crashes."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Common causes of memory leaks are unusual paths through the code. For "
"instance, a function may allocate a block of memory, do some calculation, "
"and then free the block again. Now a change in the requirements for the "
"function may add a test to the calculation that detects an error condition "
"and can return prematurely from the function. It's easy to forget to free "
"the allocated memory block when taking this premature exit, especially when "
"it is added later to the code. Such leaks, once introduced, often go "
"undetected for a long time: the error exit is taken only in a small fraction "
"of all calls, and most modern machines have plenty of virtual memory, so the "
"leak only becomes apparent in a long-running process that uses the leaking "
"function frequently. Therefore, it's important to prevent leaks from "
"happening by having a coding convention or strategy that minimizes this kind "
"of errors."
msgstr
""
"Typowymi przyczynami wycieków pamięci są nietypowe ścieżki przejścia przez "
"kod. Dla przykładu, zadanie może zaalokować blok pamięci, wykonać pewne "
"obliczenia, a potem uwolnić ten blok jeszcze raz. Teraz zmiana w wymaganiach "
"dla zadania może dodać test do obliczenia który wykrywa warunek błędu i może "
"wrócić wcześniej z zadania. Łatwo jest zapomnieć aby uwolnić zaalokowany "
"blok pamięci podczas wybierania tej drogi wcześniejszego zakończenia, "
"szczególnie gdy jest dodawane później do kodu. Takie przecieki, gdy raz "
"wprowadzone, często uchodzą niewykryte przez długi czas: błędne wyjście jest "
"wybierane tylko w małym wycinku wszystkich wywołań, i większość nowoczesnych "
"maszyn ma mnóstwo wirtualnej pamięci, tak że wyciek staje się widoczny tylko "
"w długo działającym procesie który używa cieknącego zadania często. Dlatego "
"też, jest to ważne aby zapobiegać wyciekom przed ich nastąpieniem, przez "
"powzięcie konwencji kodowania lub strategii która minimalizuje ten rodzaj "
"błędu."
msgid
""
"Since Python makes heavy use of :c:func:`malloc` and :c:func:`free`, it "
"needs a strategy to avoid memory leaks as well as the use of freed memory. "
"The chosen method is called :dfn:`reference counting`. The principle is "
"simple: every object contains a counter, which is incremented when a "
"reference to the object is stored somewhere, and which is decremented when a "
"reference to it is deleted. When the counter reaches zero, the last "
"reference to the object has been deleted and the object is freed."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"An alternative strategy is called :dfn:`automatic garbage collection`. "
"(Sometimes, reference counting is also referred to as a garbage collection "
"strategy, hence the use of
\"
automatic
\"
to distinguish the two.) The big "
"advantage of automatic garbage collection is that the user doesn't need to "
"call :c:func:`free` explicitly. (Another claimed advantage is an "
"improvement in speed or memory usage --- this is no hard fact however.) The "
"disadvantage is that for C, there is no truly portable automatic garbage "
"collector, while reference counting can be implemented portably (as long as "
"the functions :c:func:`malloc` and :c:func:`free` are available --- which "
"the C Standard guarantees). Maybe some day a sufficiently portable automatic "
"garbage collector will be available for C. Until then, we'll have to live "
"with reference counts."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"While Python uses the traditional reference counting implementation, it also "
"offers a cycle detector that works to detect reference cycles. This allows "
"applications to not worry about creating direct or indirect circular "
"references; these are the weakness of garbage collection implemented using "
"only reference counting. Reference cycles consist of objects which contain "
"(possibly indirect) references to themselves, so that each object in the "
"cycle has a reference count which is non-zero. Typical reference counting "
"implementations are not able to reclaim the memory belonging to any objects "
"in a reference cycle, or referenced from the objects in the cycle, even "
"though there are no further references to the cycle itself."
msgstr
""
"Podczas gdy język pytonowski używa tradycyjnego wypełnienia zliczania "
"odniesień, on także oferuje wykrywanie cykli, które pracuje aby wykrywać "
"cykliczne odniesienia. To pozwala aplikacjom nie martwić się o tworzenie "
"bezpośrednich lub pośrednich cyklicznych odniesień; to są słabości "
"wypełnienia zbiórki śmieci opartego jedynie na zliczaniu odniesień. Cykle "
"odniesień składają się z przedmiotów które zawierają (możliwie pośrednio) "
"odniesienia do samych siebie, tak że każdy przedmiot w cyklu ma liczbę "
"odniesień która jest nie-zerowa. Typowe wypełnienia zliczające odniesienia "
"nie są w stanie przejąć z powrotem pamięci należącej do któregokolwiek z "
"przedmiotów w cyklu odniesień, ani do której odnosi się któryś z przedmiotów "
"w cyklu, nawet jeśli nie ma więcej odniesień do cyklu samego w sobie."
msgid
""
"The cycle detector is able to detect garbage cycles and can reclaim them. "
"The :mod:`gc` module exposes a way to run the detector (the :func:`~gc."
"collect` function), as well as configuration interfaces and the ability to "
"disable the detector at runtime."
msgstr
""
msgid
"Reference Counting in Python"
msgstr
"Zliczanie odniesień w języku pytonowskim"
msgid
""
"There are two macros, ``Py_INCREF(x)`` and ``Py_DECREF(x)``, which handle "
"the incrementing and decrementing of the reference count. :c:func:"
"`Py_DECREF` also frees the object when the count reaches zero. For "
"flexibility, it doesn't call :c:func:`free` directly --- rather, it makes a "
"call through a function pointer in the object's :dfn:`type object`. For "
"this purpose (and others), every object also contains a pointer to its type "
"object."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The big question now remains: when to use ``Py_INCREF(x)`` and "
"``Py_DECREF(x)``? Let's first introduce some terms. Nobody
\"
owns
\"
an "
"object; however, you can :dfn:`own a reference` to an object. An object's "
"reference count is now defined as the number of owned references to it. The "
"owner of a reference is responsible for calling :c:func:`Py_DECREF` when the "
"reference is no longer needed. Ownership of a reference can be "
"transferred. There are three ways to dispose of an owned reference: pass it "
"on, store it, or call :c:func:`Py_DECREF`. Forgetting to dispose of an owned "
"reference creates a memory leak."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"It is also possible to :dfn:`borrow` [#borrow]_ a reference to an object. "
"The borrower of a reference should not call :c:func:`Py_DECREF`. The "
"borrower must not hold on to the object longer than the owner from which it "
"was borrowed. Using a borrowed reference after the owner has disposed of it "
"risks using freed memory and should be avoided completely [#dont-check-"
"refcount]_."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The advantage of borrowing over owning a reference is that you don't need to "
"take care of disposing of the reference on all possible paths through the "
"code --- in other words, with a borrowed reference you don't run the risk of "
"leaking when a premature exit is taken. The disadvantage of borrowing over "
"owning is that there are some subtle situations where in seemingly correct "
"code a borrowed reference can be used after the owner from which it was "
"borrowed has in fact disposed of it."
msgstr
""
"Zaletą pożyczania ponad posiadaniem odniesienia jest to że nie potrzebujesz "
"zaprzątać swojej uwagi pozbyciem się odniesienia na wszystkich możliwych "
"ścieżkach przejścia przez kod --- innymi słowy, z pożyczonym odniesieniem "
"nie musisz ryzykować wycieku gdy nastąpi przedwczesne wyjście z programu. "
"Wadą pożyczania ponad posiadaniem jest to że istnieją pewne szczególne "
"sytuacje gdzie w wydawałoby się poprawnym kodzie pożyczone odniesienie może "
"być użyte po tym jak właściciel od którego zostało ono pożyczone faktycznie "
"pozbył się go."
msgid
""
"A borrowed reference can be changed into an owned reference by calling :c:"
"func:`Py_INCREF`. This does not affect the status of the owner from which "
"the reference was borrowed --- it creates a new owned reference, and gives "
"full owner responsibilities (the new owner must dispose of the reference "
"properly, as well as the previous owner)."
msgstr
""
msgid
"Ownership Rules"
msgstr
"Zasady właścicielskie"
msgid
""
"Whenever an object reference is passed into or out of a function, it is part "
"of the function's interface specification whether ownership is transferred "
"with the reference or not."
msgstr
""
"Zawsze gdy odniesienie do przedmiotu jest przekazywane do lub z zadania, "
"jest częścią specyfiki sprzęgu zadania to czy własność jest przekazywana z "
"odniesieniem czy też nie."
msgid
""
"Most functions that return a reference to an object pass on ownership with "
"the reference. In particular, all functions whose function it is to create "
"a new object, such as :c:func:`PyLong_FromLong` and :c:func:`Py_BuildValue`, "
"pass ownership to the receiver. Even if the object is not actually new, you "
"still receive ownership of a new reference to that object. For instance, :c:"
"func:`PyLong_FromLong` maintains a cache of popular values and can return a "
"reference to a cached item."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"Many functions that extract objects from other objects also transfer "
"ownership with the reference, for instance :c:func:"
"`PyObject_GetAttrString`. The picture is less clear, here, however, since a "
"few common routines are exceptions: :c:func:`PyTuple_GetItem`, :c:func:"
"`PyList_GetItem`, :c:func:`PyDict_GetItem`, and :c:func:"
"`PyDict_GetItemString` all return references that you borrow from the tuple, "
"list or dictionary."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The function :c:func:`PyImport_AddModule` also returns a borrowed reference, "
"even though it may actually create the object it returns: this is possible "
"because an owned reference to the object is stored in ``sys.modules``."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"When you pass an object reference into another function, in general, the "
"function borrows the reference from you --- if it needs to store it, it will "
"use :c:func:`Py_INCREF` to become an independent owner. There are exactly "
"two important exceptions to this rule: :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem` and :c:func:"
"`PyList_SetItem`. These functions take over ownership of the item passed to "
"them --- even if they fail! (Note that :c:func:`PyDict_SetItem` and friends "
"don't take over ownership --- they are
\"
normal.
\"
)"
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"When a C function is called from Python, it borrows references to its "
"arguments from the caller. The caller owns a reference to the object, so "
"the borrowed reference's lifetime is guaranteed until the function returns. "
"Only when such a borrowed reference must be stored or passed on, it must be "
"turned into an owned reference by calling :c:func:`Py_INCREF`."
msgstr
""
msgid
""
"The object reference returned from a C function that is called from Python "
"must be an owned reference --- ownership is transferred from the function to "
"its caller."
msgstr
""
"Odniesienie do przedmiotu zwrócone z zadania C które jest wywołane z poziomu "
"języka pytonowskiego musi być posiadanym odniesieniem --- prawo własności "
"jest przekazywane z zadania do wywołującego to ostatnie."
msgid
"Thin Ice"
msgstr
"Cienki lód"
msgid
""
"There are a few situations where seemingly harmless use of a borrowed "
"reference can lead to problems. These all have to do with implicit "
"invocations of the interpreter, which can cause the owner of a reference to "
"dispose of it."
msgstr
""
"Istnieje kilka sytuacji gdzie wydawałoby się nieszkodliwe użycie pożyczonych "
"odniesień może prowadzić do kłopotów. Wszystkie one mają do czynienia z "
"niejawnymi wezwaniami programu interpretującego polecenia języka "
"pytonowskiego, które mogą powodować że właściciel odniesienia pozbędzie się "
"go."
View remainder of file in raw view
Back
|
FazBrowse Home
|
New Git URL