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#
Python Documentation Turkish Translation
#
Copyright (C) 2001-2024, Python Software Foundation
#
This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
#
#,
fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"
Project-Id-Version
:
Python 3.12\n
"
"
Report-Msgid-Bugs-To
:
\n
"
"
POT-Creation-Date
:
2024-11-01 00:21+0000\n
"
"
PO-Revision-Date
:
YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n
"
"
Last-Translator
:
\n
"
"
Language-Team
:
TURKISH <python.docs.tr@gmail.com>\n
"
"
Language
:
tr\n
"
"
MIME-Version
:
1.0\n
"
"
Content-Type
:
text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n
"
"
Content-Transfer-Encoding
:
8bit\n
"
#:
faq/library.rst:5
msgid
"Library and Extension FAQ"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:8
msgid
"Contents"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:12
msgid
"General Library Questions"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:15
msgid
"How do I find a module or application to perform task X?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:17
msgid
""
"Check :ref:`the Library Reference <library-index>` to see if there's a "
"relevant standard library module. (Eventually you'll learn what's in the "
"standard library and will be able to skip this step.)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:21
msgid
""
"For third-party packages, search the `Python Package Index <https://pypi."
"org>`_ or try `Google <https://www.google.com>`_ or another web search "
"engine. Searching for
\"
Python
\"
plus a keyword or two for your topic of "
"interest will usually find something helpful."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:28
msgid
"Where is the math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.) source file?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:30
msgid
""
"If you can't find a source file for a module it may be a built-in or "
"dynamically loaded module implemented in C, C++ or other compiled language. "
"In this case you may not have the source file or it may be something like :"
"file:`mathmodule.c`, somewhere in a C source directory (not on the Python "
"Path)."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:35
msgid
"There are (at least) three kinds of modules in Python:"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:37
msgid
"modules written in Python (.py);"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:38
msgid
""
"modules written in C and dynamically loaded (.dll, .pyd, .so, .sl, etc);"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:39
msgid
""
"modules written in C and linked with the interpreter; to get a list of "
"these, type::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:42
msgid
""
"import sys\n"
"print(sys.builtin_module_names)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:47
msgid
"How do I make a Python script executable on Unix?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:49
msgid
""
"You need to do two things: the script file's mode must be executable and the "
"first line must begin with ``#!`` followed by the path of the Python "
"interpreter."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:53
msgid
""
"The first is done by executing ``chmod +x scriptfile`` or perhaps ``chmod "
"755 scriptfile``."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:56
msgid
""
"The second can be done in a number of ways. The most straightforward way is "
"to write ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:59
msgid
"#!/usr/local/bin/python"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:61
msgid
""
"as the very first line of your file, using the pathname for where the Python "
"interpreter is installed on your platform."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:64
msgid
""
"If you would like the script to be independent of where the Python "
"interpreter lives, you can use the :program:`env` program. Almost all Unix "
"variants support the following, assuming the Python interpreter is in a "
"directory on the user's :envvar:`PATH`::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:69
msgid
"#!/usr/bin/env python"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:71
msgid
""
"*Don't* do this for CGI scripts. The :envvar:`PATH` variable for CGI "
"scripts is often very minimal, so you need to use the actual absolute "
"pathname of the interpreter."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:75
msgid
""
"Occasionally, a user's environment is so full that the :program:`/usr/bin/"
"env` program fails; or there's no env program at all. In that case, you can "
"try the following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky):"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:79
msgid
""
"#! /bin/sh\n"
"
\"\"\"
:
\"
\n"
"exec python $0 ${1+
\"
$@
\"
}\n"
"
\"\"\"
"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:86
msgid
""
"The minor disadvantage is that this defines the script's __doc__ string. "
"However, you can fix that by adding ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:89
msgid
"__doc__ =
\"\"\"
...Whatever...
\"\"\"
"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:94
msgid
"Is there a curses/termcap package for Python?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:98
msgid
""
"For Unix variants: The standard Python source distribution comes with a "
"curses module in the :source:`Modules` subdirectory, though it's not "
"compiled by default. (Note that this is not available in the Windows "
"distribution -- there is no curses module for Windows.)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:103
msgid
""
"The :mod:`curses` module supports basic curses features as well as many "
"additional functions from ncurses and SYSV curses such as colour, "
"alternative character set support, pads, and mouse support. This means the "
"module isn't compatible with operating systems that only have BSD curses, "
"but there don't seem to be any currently maintained OSes that fall into this "
"category."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:111
msgid
"Is there an equivalent to C's onexit() in Python?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:113
msgid
""
"The :mod:`atexit` module provides a register function that is similar to "
"C's :c:func:`!onexit`."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:118
msgid
"Why don't my signal handlers work?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:120
msgid
""
"The most common problem is that the signal handler is declared with the "
"wrong argument list. It is called as ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:123
msgid
"handler(signum, frame)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:125
msgid
"so it should be declared with two parameters::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:127
msgid
""
"def handler(signum, frame):\n"
" ..."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:132
msgid
"Common tasks"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:135
msgid
"How do I test a Python program or component?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:137
msgid
""
"Python comes with two testing frameworks. The :mod:`doctest` module finds "
"examples in the docstrings for a module and runs them, comparing the output "
"with the expected output given in the docstring."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:141
msgid
""
"The :mod:`unittest` module is a fancier testing framework modelled on Java "
"and Smalltalk testing frameworks."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:144
msgid
""
"To make testing easier, you should use good modular design in your program. "
"Your program should have almost all functionality encapsulated in either "
"functions or class methods -- and this sometimes has the surprising and "
"delightful effect of making the program run faster (because local variable "
"accesses are faster than global accesses). Furthermore the program should "
"avoid depending on mutating global variables, since this makes testing much "
"more difficult to do."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:152
msgid
"The
\"
global main logic
\"
of your program may be as simple as ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:154
msgid
""
"if __name__ ==
\"
__main__
\"
:\n"
" main_logic()"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:157
msgid
"at the bottom of the main module of your program."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:159
msgid
""
"Once your program is organized as a tractable collection of function and "
"class behaviours, you should write test functions that exercise the "
"behaviours. A test suite that automates a sequence of tests can be "
"associated with each module. This sounds like a lot of work, but since "
"Python is so terse and flexible it's surprisingly easy. You can make coding "
"much more pleasant and fun by writing your test functions in parallel with "
"the
\"
production code
\"
, since this makes it easy to find bugs and even "
"design flaws earlier."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:167
msgid
""
"
\"
Support modules
\"
that are not intended to be the main module of a program "
"may include a self-test of the module. ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:170
msgid
""
"if __name__ ==
\"
__main__
\"
:\n"
" self_test()"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:173
msgid
""
"Even programs that interact with complex external interfaces may be tested "
"when the external interfaces are unavailable by using
\"
fake
\"
interfaces "
"implemented in Python."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:179
msgid
"How do I create documentation from doc strings?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:181
msgid
""
"The :mod:`pydoc` module can create HTML from the doc strings in your Python "
"source code. An alternative for creating API documentation purely from "
"docstrings is `epydoc <https://epydoc.sourceforge.net/>`_. `Sphinx <https://"
"www.sphinx-doc.org>`_ can also include docstring content."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:188
msgid
"How do I get a single keypress at a time?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:190
msgid
""
"For Unix variants there are several solutions. It's straightforward to do "
"this using curses, but curses is a fairly large module to learn."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:234
msgid
"Threads"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:237
msgid
"How do I program using threads?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:239
msgid
""
"Be sure to use the :mod:`threading` module and not the :mod:`_thread` "
"module. The :mod:`threading` module builds convenient abstractions on top of "
"the low-level primitives provided by the :mod:`_thread` module."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:245
msgid
"None of my threads seem to run: why?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:247
msgid
""
"As soon as the main thread exits, all threads are killed. Your main thread "
"is running too quickly, giving the threads no time to do any work."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:250
msgid
""
"A simple fix is to add a sleep to the end of the program that's long enough "
"for all the threads to finish::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:253
msgid
""
"import threading, time\n"
"\n"
"def thread_task(name, n):\n"
" for i in range(n):\n"
" print(name, i)\n"
"\n"
"for i in range(10):\n"
" T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i))\n"
" T.start()\n"
"\n"
"time.sleep(10) # <---------------------------!"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:265
msgid
""
"But now (on many platforms) the threads don't run in parallel, but appear to "
"run sequentially, one at a time! The reason is that the OS thread scheduler "
"doesn't start a new thread until the previous thread is blocked."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:269
msgid
"A simple fix is to add a tiny sleep to the start of the run function::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:271
msgid
""
"def thread_task(name, n):\n"
" time.sleep(0.001) # <--------------------!\n"
" for i in range(n):\n"
" print(name, i)\n"
"\n"
"for i in range(10):\n"
" T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i))\n"
" T.start()\n"
"\n"
"time.sleep(10)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:282
msgid
""
"Instead of trying to guess a good delay value for :func:`time.sleep`, it's "
"better to use some kind of semaphore mechanism. One idea is to use the :mod:"
"`queue` module to create a queue object, let each thread append a token to "
"the queue when it finishes, and let the main thread read as many tokens from "
"the queue as there are threads."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:290
msgid
"How do I parcel out work among a bunch of worker threads?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:292
msgid
""
"The easiest way is to use the :mod:`concurrent.futures` module, especially "
"the :mod:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` class."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:295
msgid
""
"Or, if you want fine control over the dispatching algorithm, you can write "
"your own logic manually. Use the :mod:`queue` module to create a queue "
"containing a list of jobs. The :class:`~queue.Queue` class maintains a list "
"of objects and has a ``.put(obj)`` method that adds items to the queue and a "
"``.get()`` method to return them. The class will take care of the locking "
"necessary to ensure that each job is handed out exactly once."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:302
msgid
"Here's a trivial example::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:304
msgid
""
"import threading, queue, time\n"
"\n"
"# The worker thread gets jobs off the queue. When the queue is empty, it\n"
"# assumes there will be no more work and exits.\n"
"# (Realistically workers will run until terminated.)\n"
"def worker():\n"
" print('Running worker')\n"
" time.sleep(0.1)\n"
" while True:\n"
" try:\n"
" arg = q.get(block=False)\n"
" except queue.Empty:\n"
" print('Worker', threading.current_thread(), end=' ')\n"
" print('queue empty')\n"
" break\n"
" else:\n"
" print('Worker', threading.current_thread(), end=' ')\n"
" print('running with argument', arg)\n"
" time.sleep(0.5)\n"
"\n"
"# Create queue\n"
"q = queue.Queue()\n"
"\n"
"# Start a pool of 5 workers\n"
"for i in range(5):\n"
" t = threading.Thread(target=worker, name='worker %i' % (i+1))\n"
" t.start()\n"
"\n"
"# Begin adding work to the queue\n"
"for i in range(50):\n"
" q.put(i)\n"
"\n"
"# Give threads time to run\n"
"print('Main thread sleeping')\n"
"time.sleep(5)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:340
msgid
"When run, this will produce the following output:"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:342
msgid
""
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Main thread sleeping\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 1, started 130283832797456)> running with argument 0\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 2, started 130283824404752)> running with argument 1\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 3, started 130283816012048)> running with argument 2\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 4, started 130283807619344)> running with argument 3\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 5, started 130283799226640)> running with argument 4\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 1, started 130283832797456)> running with argument 5\n"
"..."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:358
msgid
""
"Consult the module's documentation for more details; the :class:`~queue."
"Queue` class provides a featureful interface."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:363
msgid
"What kinds of global value mutation are thread-safe?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:365
msgid
""
"A :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is used internally to ensure that "
"only one thread runs in the Python VM at a time. In general, Python offers "
"to switch among threads only between bytecode instructions; how frequently "
"it switches can be set via :func:`sys.setswitchinterval`. Each bytecode "
"instruction and therefore all the C implementation code reached from each "
"instruction is therefore atomic from the point of view of a Python program."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:372
msgid
""
"In theory, this means an exact accounting requires an exact understanding of "
"the PVM bytecode implementation. In practice, it means that operations on "
"shared variables of built-in data types (ints, lists, dicts, etc) that "
"
\"
look atomic
\"
really are."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:377
msgid
""
"For example, the following operations are all atomic (L, L1, L2 are lists, "
"D, D1, D2 are dicts, x, y are objects, i, j are ints)::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:380
msgid
""
"L.append(x)\n"
"L1.extend(L2)\n"
"x = L[i]\n"
"x = L.pop()\n"
"L1[i:j] = L2\n"
"L.sort()\n"
"x = y\n"
"x.field = y\n"
"D[x] = y\n"
"D1.update(D2)\n"
"D.keys()"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:392
msgid
"These aren't::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:394
msgid
""
"i = i+1\n"
"L.append(L[-1])\n"
"L[i] = L[j]\n"
"D[x] = D[x] + 1"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:399
msgid
""
"Operations that replace other objects may invoke those other objects' :meth:"
"`~object.__del__` method when their reference count reaches zero, and that "
"can affect things. This is especially true for the mass updates to "
"dictionaries and lists. When in doubt, use a mutex!"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:406
msgid
"Can't we get rid of the Global Interpreter Lock?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:410
msgid
""
"The :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is often seen as a hindrance to "
"Python's deployment on high-end multiprocessor server machines, because a "
"multi-threaded Python program effectively only uses one CPU, due to the "
"insistence that (almost) all Python code can only run while the GIL is held."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:415
msgid
""
"Back in the days of Python 1.5, Greg Stein actually implemented a "
"comprehensive patch set (the
\"
free threading
\"
patches) that removed the "
"GIL and replaced it with fine-grained locking. Adam Olsen recently did a "
"similar experiment in his `python-safethread <https://code.google.com/"
"archive/p/python-safethread>`_ project. Unfortunately, both experiments "
"exhibited a sharp drop in single-thread performance (at least 30% slower), "
"due to the amount of fine-grained locking necessary to compensate for the "
"removal of the GIL."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:423
msgid
""
"This doesn't mean that you can't make good use of Python on multi-CPU "
"machines! You just have to be creative with dividing the work up between "
"multiple *processes* rather than multiple *threads*. The :class:"
"`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` class in the new :mod:`concurrent."
"futures` module provides an easy way of doing so; the :mod:`multiprocessing` "
"module provides a lower-level API in case you want more control over "
"dispatching of tasks."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:431
msgid
""
"Judicious use of C extensions will also help; if you use a C extension to "
"perform a time-consuming task, the extension can release the GIL while the "
"thread of execution is in the C code and allow other threads to get some "
"work done. Some standard library modules such as :mod:`zlib` and :mod:"
"`hashlib` already do this."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:437
msgid
""
"It has been suggested that the GIL should be a per-interpreter-state lock "
"rather than truly global; interpreters then wouldn't be able to share "
"objects. Unfortunately, this isn't likely to happen either. It would be a "
"tremendous amount of work, because many object implementations currently "
"have global state. For example, small integers and short strings are cached; "
"these caches would have to be moved to the interpreter state. Other object "
"types have their own free list; these free lists would have to be moved to "
"the interpreter state. And so on."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:446
msgid
""
"And I doubt that it can even be done in finite time, because the same "
"problem exists for 3rd party extensions. It is likely that 3rd party "
"extensions are being written at a faster rate than you can convert them to "
"store all their global state in the interpreter state."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:451
msgid
""
"And finally, once you have multiple interpreters not sharing any state, what "
"have you gained over running each interpreter in a separate process?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:456
msgid
"Input and Output"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:459
msgid
"How do I delete a file? (And other file questions...)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:461
msgid
""
"Use ``os.remove(filename)`` or ``os.unlink(filename)``; for documentation, "
"see the :mod:`os` module. The two functions are identical; :func:`~os."
"unlink` is simply the name of the Unix system call for this function."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:465
msgid
""
"To remove a directory, use :func:`os.rmdir`; use :func:`os.mkdir` to create "
"one. ``os.makedirs(path)`` will create any intermediate directories in "
"``path`` that don't exist. ``os.removedirs(path)`` will remove intermediate "
"directories as long as they're empty; if you want to delete an entire "
"directory tree and its contents, use :func:`shutil.rmtree`."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:471
msgid
"To rename a file, use ``os.rename(old_path, new_path)``."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:473
msgid
""
"To truncate a file, open it using ``f = open(filename,
\"
rb+
\"
)``, and use "
"``f.truncate(offset)``; offset defaults to the current seek position. "
"There's also ``os.ftruncate(fd, offset)`` for files opened with :func:`os."
"open`, where *fd* is the file descriptor (a small integer)."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:478
msgid
""
"The :mod:`shutil` module also contains a number of functions to work on "
"files including :func:`~shutil.copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copytree`, and :"
"func:`~shutil.rmtree`."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:484
msgid
"How do I copy a file?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:486
msgid
""
"The :mod:`shutil` module contains a :func:`~shutil.copyfile` function. Note "
"that on Windows NTFS volumes, it does not copy `alternate data streams "
"<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)>`_ nor "
"`resource forks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_fork>`__ on macOS "
"HFS+ volumes, though both are now rarely used. It also doesn't copy file "
"permissions and metadata, though using :func:`shutil.copy2` instead will "
"preserve most (though not all) of it."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:497
msgid
"How do I read (or write) binary data?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:499
msgid
""
"To read or write complex binary data formats, it's best to use the :mod:"
"`struct` module. It allows you to take a string containing binary data "
"(usually numbers) and convert it to Python objects; and vice versa."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:503
msgid
""
"For example, the following code reads two 2-byte integers and one 4-byte "
"integer in big-endian format from a file::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:506
msgid
""
"import struct\n"
"\n"
"with open(filename,
\"
rb
\"
) as f:\n"
" s = f.read(8)\n"
" x, y, z = struct.unpack(
\"
>hhl
\"
, s)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:512
msgid
""
"The '>' in the format string forces big-endian data; the letter 'h' reads "
"one
\"
short integer
\"
(2 bytes), and 'l' reads one
\"
long integer
\"
(4 "
"bytes) from the string."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:516
msgid
""
"For data that is more regular (e.g. a homogeneous list of ints or floats), "
"you can also use the :mod:`array` module."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:521
msgid
""
"To read and write binary data, it is mandatory to open the file in binary "
"mode (here, passing ``
\"
rb
\"
`` to :func:`open`). If you use ``
\"
r
\"
`` "
"instead (the default), the file will be open in text mode and ``f.read()`` "
"will return :class:`str` objects rather than :class:`bytes` objects."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:529
msgid
"I can't seem to use os.read() on a pipe created with os.popen(); why?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:531
msgid
""
":func:`os.read` is a low-level function which takes a file descriptor, a "
"small integer representing the opened file. :func:`os.popen` creates a high-"
"level file object, the same type returned by the built-in :func:`open` "
"function. Thus, to read *n* bytes from a pipe *p* created with :func:`os."
"popen`, you need to use ``p.read(n)``."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:617
msgid
"How do I access the serial (RS232) port?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:619
msgid
"For Win32, OSX, Linux, BSD, Jython, IronPython:"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:621
msgid
":pypi:`pyserial`"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:623
msgid
"For Unix, see a Usenet post by Mitch Chapman:"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:625
msgid
"https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=34A04430.CF9@ohioee.com"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:629
msgid
"Why doesn't closing sys.stdout (stdin, stderr) really close it?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:631
msgid
""
"Python :term:`file objects <file object>` are a high-level layer of "
"abstraction on low-level C file descriptors."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:634
msgid
""
"For most file objects you create in Python via the built-in :func:`open` "
"function, ``f.close()`` marks the Python file object as being closed from "
"Python's point of view, and also arranges to close the underlying C file "
"descriptor. This also happens automatically in ``f``'s destructor, when "
"``f`` becomes garbage."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:640
msgid
""
"But stdin, stdout and stderr are treated specially by Python, because of the "
"special status also given to them by C. Running ``sys.stdout.close()`` "
"marks the Python-level file object as being closed, but does *not* close the "
"associated C file descriptor."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:645
msgid
""
"To close the underlying C file descriptor for one of these three, you should "
"first be sure that's what you really want to do (e.g., you may confuse "
"extension modules trying to do I/O). If it is, use :func:`os.close`::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:649
msgid
""
"os.close(stdin.fileno())\n"
"os.close(stdout.fileno())\n"
"os.close(stderr.fileno())"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:653
msgid
"Or you can use the numeric constants 0, 1 and 2, respectively."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:657
msgid
"Network/Internet Programming"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:660
msgid
"What WWW tools are there for Python?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:662
msgid
""
"See the chapters titled :ref:`internet` and :ref:`netdata` in the Library "
"Reference Manual. Python has many modules that will help you build server-"
"side and client-side web systems."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:668
msgid
""
"A summary of available frameworks is maintained by Paul Boddie at https://"
"wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming
\\
."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:671
msgid
""
"Cameron Laird maintains a useful set of pages about Python web technologies "
"at https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183619/http://phaseit.net/claird/comp."
"lang.python/web_python."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:676
msgid
"How can I mimic CGI form submission (METHOD=POST)?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:678
msgid
""
"I would like to retrieve web pages that are the result of POSTing a form. Is "
"there existing code that would let me do this easily?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:681
msgid
"Yes. Here's a simple example that uses :mod:`urllib.request`::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:683
msgid
""
"#!/usr/local/bin/python\n"
"\n"
"import urllib.request\n"
"\n"
"# build the query string\n"
"qs =
\"
First=Josephine&MI=Q&Last=Public
\"
\n"
"\n"
"# connect and send the server a path\n"
"req = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.some-server.out-there'\n"
" '/cgi-bin/some-cgi-script', data=qs)\n"
"with req:\n"
" msg, hdrs = req.read(), req.info()"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:696
msgid
""
"Note that in general for percent-encoded POST operations, query strings must "
"be quoted using :func:`urllib.parse.urlencode`. For example, to send "
"``name=Guy Steele, Jr.``::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:700
msgid
""
">>> import urllib.parse\n"
">>> urllib.parse.urlencode({'name': 'Guy Steele, Jr.'})\n"
"'name=Guy+Steele%2C+Jr.'"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:704
msgid
":ref:`urllib-howto` for extensive examples."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:708
msgid
"What module should I use to help with generating HTML?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:712
msgid
""
"You can find a collection of useful links on the `Web Programming wiki page "
"<https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming>`_."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:717
msgid
"How do I send mail from a Python script?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:719
msgid
"Use the standard library module :mod:`smtplib`."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:721
msgid
""
"Here's a very simple interactive mail sender that uses it. This method will "
"work on any host that supports an SMTP listener. ::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:724
msgid
""
"import sys, smtplib\n"
"\n"
"fromaddr = input(
\"
From:
\"
)\n"
"toaddrs = input(
\"
To:
\"
).split(',')\n"
"print(
\"
Enter message, end with ^D:
\"
)\n"
"msg = ''\n"
"while True:\n"
" line = sys.stdin.readline()\n"
" if not line:\n"
" break\n"
" msg += line\n"
"\n"
"# The actual mail send\n"
"server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')\n"
"server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)\n"
"server.quit()"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:741
msgid
""
"A Unix-only alternative uses sendmail. The location of the sendmail program "
"varies between systems; sometimes it is ``/usr/lib/sendmail``, sometimes ``/"
"usr/sbin/sendmail``. The sendmail manual page will help you out. Here's "
"some sample code::"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:746
msgid
""
"import os\n"
"\n"
"SENDMAIL =
\"
/usr/sbin/sendmail
\"
# sendmail location\n"
"p = os.popen(
\"
%s -t -i
\"
% SENDMAIL,
\"
w
\"
)\n"
"p.write(
\"
To: receiver@example.com
\\
n
\"
)\n"
"p.write(
\"
Subject: test
\\
n
\"
)\n"
"p.write(
\"\\
n
\"
) # blank line separating headers from body\n"
"p.write(
\"
Some text
\\
n
\"
)\n"
"p.write(
\"
some more text
\\
n
\"
)\n"
"sts = p.close()\n"
"if sts != 0:\n"
" print(
\"
Sendmail exit status
\"
, sts)"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:761
msgid
"How do I avoid blocking in the connect() method of a socket?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:763
msgid
""
"The :mod:`select` module is commonly used to help with asynchronous I/O on "
"sockets."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:766
msgid
""
"To prevent the TCP connect from blocking, you can set the socket to non-"
"blocking mode. Then when you do the :meth:`~socket.socket.connect`, you "
"will either connect immediately (unlikely) or get an exception that contains "
"the error number as ``.errno``. ``errno.EINPROGRESS`` indicates that the "
"connection is in progress, but hasn't finished yet. Different OSes will "
"return different values, so you're going to have to check what's returned on "
"your system."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:774
msgid
""
"You can use the :meth:`~socket.socket.connect_ex` method to avoid creating "
"an exception. It will just return the errno value. To poll, you can call :"
"meth:`~socket.socket.connect_ex` again later -- ``0`` or ``errno.EISCONN`` "
"indicate that you're connected -- or you can pass this socket to :meth:"
"`select.select` to check if it's writable."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:782
msgid
""
"The :mod:`asyncio` module provides a general purpose single-threaded and "
"concurrent asynchronous library, which can be used for writing non-blocking "
"network code. The third-party `Twisted <https://twisted.org/>`_ library is a "
"popular and feature-rich alternative."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:790
msgid
"Databases"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:793
msgid
"Are there any interfaces to database packages in Python?"
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:795
msgid
"Yes."
msgstr
""
#:
faq/library.rst:797
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