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<p>You are here: <ahref=index.html>Home</a><spanclass=u>‣</span><ahref=table-of-contents.html#installing-python>Dive Into Python 3</a><spanclass=u>‣</span>
<p><spanclass=u>❝</span><ilang=la>Tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis.</i> (Times change, and we change with them.) <spanclass=u>❞</span><br>— ancient Roman proverb
</blockquote>
<pid=toc>
<h2id=divingin>Diving In</h2>
<pclass=f>Before you can start programming in Python 3, you need to install it. Or do you?
<h2id=which>Which Python Is Right For You?</h2>
<p>If you're using an account on a hosted server, your <abbr>ISP</abbr> may have already installed Python 3. If you’re running Linux at home, you may already have Python 3, too. Most popular GNU/Linux distributions come with Python 2 in the default installation; a small but growing number of distributions also include Python 3. Mac OS X includes a command-line version of Python 2, but as of this writing it does not include Python 3. Microsoft Windows does not come with any version of Python. But don’t despair! You can point-and-click your way through installing Python, regardless of what operating system you have.
<p>The easiest way to check for Python 3 on your Linux or Mac OS X system is <ahref=troubleshooting.html#getting-to-the-command-line>from the command line</a>. Once you’re at a command line prompt, just type <kbd>python3</kbd> (all lowercase, no spaces), press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>, and see what happens. On my home Linux system, Python 3.1 is already installed, and this command gets me into the <i>Python <dfn>interactive shell</dfn></i>.
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>></samp></pre>
<p>(Type <kbd>exit()</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd> to exit the Python interactive shell.)
<p>My <ahref=http://cornerhost.com/>web hosting provider</a> also runs Linux and provides command-line access, but my server does not have Python 3 installed. (Boo!)
<samp>bash: python3: command not found</samp></pre>
<p>So back to the question that started this section, “Which Python is right for you?” Whichever one runs on the computer you already have.
<p>[Read on for Windows instructions, or skip to <ahref=#macosx>Installing on Mac OS X</a>, <ahref=#ubuntu>Installing on Ubuntu Linux</a>, or <ahref=#other>Installing on Other Platforms</a>.]
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=windows>Installing on Microsoft Windows</h2>
<p>Windows comes in two architectures these days: 32-bit and 64-bit. Of course, there are lots of different <i>versions</i> of Windows — XP, Vista, Windows 7 — but Python runs on all of them. The more important distinction is 32-bit v. 64-bit. If you have no idea what architecture you’re running, it’s probably 32-bit.
<p>Visit <ahref=http://python.org/download/><code>python.org/download/</code></a> and download the appropriate Python 3 Windows installer for your architecture. Your choices will look something like this:
<ul>
<li><b>Python 3.1 Windows installer</b> (Windows binary — does not include source)
<li><b>Python 3.1 Windows AMD64 installer</b> (Windows AMD64 binary — does not include source)
</ul>
<p>I don’t want to include direct download links here, because minor updates of Python happen all the time and I don’t want to be responsible for you missing important updates. You should always install the most recent version of Python 3.x unless you have some esoteric reason not to.
<olclass=i>
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-install-0-security-warning.pngwidth=409height=309alt='[Windows dialog: open file security warning]'>
<p>Once your download is complete, double-click the <code>.msi</code> file. Windows will pop up a security alert, since you’re about to be running executable code. The official Python installer is digitally signed by the <ahref=http://www.python.org/psf/>Python Software Foundation</a>, the non-profit corporation that oversees Python development. Don’t accept imitations!
<p>Click the <code>Run</code> button to launch the Python 3 installer.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-install-1-all-users-or-just-me.pngwidth=499height=432alt='[Python installer: select whether to install Python 3.1 for all users of this computer]'>
<p>The first question the installer will ask you is whether you want to install Python 3 for all users or just for you. The default choice is “install for all users,” which is the best choice unless you have a good reason to choose otherwise. (One possible reason why you would want to “install just for me” is that you are installing Python on your company’s computer and you don’t have administrative rights on your Windows account. But then, why are you installing Python without permission from your company’s Windows administrator? Don’t get me in trouble here!)
<p>Click the <code>Next</code> button to accept your choice of installation type.
<p>Next, the installer will prompt you to choose a destination directory. The default for all versions of Python 3.1.x is <code>C:\Python31\</code>, which should work well for most users unless you have a specific reason to change it. If you maintain a separate drive letter for installing applications, you can browse to it using the embedded controls, or simply type the pathname in the box below. You are not limited to installing Python on the <code>C:</code> drive; you can install it on any drive, in any folder.
<p>Click the <code>Next</code> button to accept your choice of destination directory.
<p>The next page looks complicated, but it’s not really. Like many installers, you have the option not to install every single component of Python 3. If disk space is especially tight, you can exclude certain components.
<ul>
<li><b>Register Extensions</b> allows you to double-click Python scripts (<code>.py</code> files) and run them. Recommended but not required. (This option doesn’t require any disk space, so there is little point in excluding it.)
<li><b>Tcl/Tk</b> is the graphics library used by the Python Shell, which you will use throughout this book. I strongly recommend keeping this option.
<li><b>Documentation</b> installs a help file that contains much of the information on <ahref=http://docs.python.org/><code>docs.python.org</code></a>. Recommended if you are on dialup or have limited Internet access.
<li><b>Utility Scripts</b> includes the <code>2to3.py</code> script which you’ll learn about <ahref=case-study-porting-chardet-to-python-3.html>later in this book</a>. Required if you want to learn about migrating existing Python 2 code to Python 3. If you have no existing Python 2 code, you can skip this option.
<li><b>Test Suite</b> is a collection of scripts used to test the Python interpreter itself. We will not use it in this book, nor have I ever used it in the course of programming in Python. Completely optional.
</ul>
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-install-3a-disk-usage.pngwidth=499height=432alt='[Python installer: disk space requirements]'>
<p>If you’re unsure how much disk space you have, click the <code>Disk Usage</code> button. The installer will list your drive letters, compute how much space is available on each drive, and calculate how much would be left after installation.
<p>Click the <code>OK</code> button to return to the “Customizing Python” page.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-install-3b-test-suite.pngwidth=499height=432alt='[Python installer: removing Test Suite option will save 7908KB on your hard drive]'>
<p>If you decide to exclude an option, select the drop-down button before the option and select “Entire feature will be unavailable.” For example, excluding the test suite will save you a whopping 7908<abbr>KB</abbr> of disk space.
<p>Click the <code>Next</code> button to accept your choice of options.
<p>The installer will copy all the necessary files to your chosen destination directory. (This happens so quickly, I had to try it three times to even get a screenshot of it!)
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-install-5-finish.pngwidth=499height=432alt='[Python installer: installation completed. Special Windows thanks to Mark Hammond, without whose years of freely shared Windows expertise, Python for Windows would still be Python for DOS.]'>
<p>Click the <code>Finish</code> button to exit the installer.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/win-interactive-shell.pngwidth=677height=715alt='[Windows Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
<p>In your <code>Start</code> menu, there should be a new item called <code>Python 3.1</code>. Within that, there is a program called <abbr>IDLE</abbr>. Select this item to run the interactive Python Shell.
</ol>
<p>[Skip to <ahref=#idle>using the Python Shell</a>]
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=macosx>Installing on Mac OS X</h2>
<p>All modern Macintosh computers use the Intel chip (like most Windows PCs). Older Macs used PowerPC chips. You don’t need to understand the difference, because there’s just one Mac Python installer for all Macs.
<p>Visit <ahref=http://python.org/download/><code>python.org/download/</code></a> and download the Mac installer. It will be called something like <b>Python 3.1 Mac Installer Disk Image</b>, although the version number may vary. Be sure to download version 3.x, not 2.x.
<olclass=i>
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-0-dmg-contents.pngwidth=752height=438alt='[contents of Python installer disk image]'>
<p>Your browser should automatically mount the disk image and open a Finder window to show you the contents. (If this doesn’t happen, you’ll need to find the disk image in your downloads folder and double-click to mount it. It will be named something like <code>python-3.1.dmg</code>.) The disk image contains a number of text files (<code>Build.txt</code>, <code>License.txt</code>, <code>ReadMe.txt</code>), and the actual installer package, <code>Python.mpkg</code>.
<p>Double-click the <code>Python.mpkg</code> installer package to launch the Mac Python installer.
<p>The first page of the installer gives a brief description of Python itself, then refers you to the <code>ReadMe.txt</code> file (which you didn’t read, did you?) for more details.
<p>Click the <code>Continue</code> button to move along.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-2-information.pngwidth=622height=442alt='[Python installer: information about supported architectures, disk space, and acceptable destination folders]'>
<p>The next page actually contains some important information: Python requires Mac OS X 10.3 or later. If you are still running Mac OS X 10.2, you should really upgrade. Apple no longer provides security updates for your operating system, and your computer is probably at risk if you ever go online. Also, you can’t run Python 3.
<p>Click the <code>Continue</code> button to advance.
<p>Like all good installers, the Python installer displays the software license agreement. Python is open source, and its license is <ahref=http://opensource.org/licenses/>approved by the Open Source Initiative</a>. Python has had a number of owners and sponsors throughout its history, each of which has left its mark on the software license. But the end result is this: Python is open source, and you may use it on any platform, for any purpose, without fee or obligation of reciprocity.
<p>Click the <code>Continue</code> button once again.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-4-license-dialog.pngwidth=622height=442alt='[Python installer: dialog to accept license agreement]'>
<p>Due to quirks in the standard Apple installer framework, you must “agree” to the software license in order to complete the installation. Since Python is open source, you are really “agreeing” that the license is granting you additional rights, rather than taking them away.
<p>Click the <code>Agree</code> button to continue.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-5-standard-install.pngwidth=622height=442alt='[Python installer: standard install screen]'>
<p>The next screen allows you to change your install location. You <strong>must</strong> install Python on your boot drive, but due to limitations of the installer, it does not enforce this. In truth, I have never had the need to change the install location.
<p>From this screen, you can also customize the installation to exclude certain features. If you want to do this, click the <code>Customize</code> button; otherwise click the <code>Install</code> button.
<p>If you choose a Custom Install, the installer will present you with the following list of features:
<ul>
<li><b>Python Framework</b>. This is the guts of Python, and is both selected and disabled because it must be installed.
<li><b>GUI Applications</b> includes IDLE, the graphical Python Shell which you will use throughout this book. I strongly recommend keeping this option selected.
<li><b>UNIX command-line tools</b> includes the command-line <code>python3</code> application. I strongly recommend keeping this option, too.
<li><b>Python Documentation</b> contains much of the information on <ahref=http://docs.python.org/><code>docs.python.org</code></a>. Recommended if you are on dialup or have limited Internet access.
<li><b>Shell profile updater</b> controls whether to update your shell profile (used in <code>Terminal.app</code>) to ensure that this version of Python is on the search path of your shell. You probably don’t need to change this.
<li><b>Fix system Python</b> should not be changed. (It tells your Mac to use Python 3 as the default Python for all scripts, including built-in system scripts from Apple. This would be very bad, since most of those scripts are written for Python 2, and they would fail to run properly under Python 3.)
</ul>
<p>Click the <code>Install</code> button to continue.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-7-admin-password.pngwidth=622height=457alt='[Python installer: dialog to enter administrative password]'>
<p>Because it installs system-wide frameworks and binaries in <code>/usr/local/bin/</code>, the installer will ask you for an administrative password. There is no way to install Mac Python without administrator privileges.
<p>Click the <code>OK</code> button to begin the installation.
<p>Assuming all went well, the installer will give you a big green checkmark to tell you that the installation completed successfully.
<p>Click the <code>Close</code> button to exit the installer.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-install-10-application-folder.pngwidth=488height=482alt='[contents of /Applications/Python 3.1/ folder]'>
<p>Assuming you didn’t change the install location, you can find the newly installed files in the <code>Python 3.1</code> folder within your <code>/Applications</code> folder. The most important piece is <abbr>IDLE</abbr>, the graphical Python Shell.
<p>Double-click <abbr>IDLE</abbr> to launch the Python Shell.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/mac-interactive-shell.pngwidth=522height=538alt='[Mac Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
<p>The Python Shell is where you will spend most of your time exploring Python. Examples throughout this book will assume that you can find your way into the Python Shell.
</ol>
<p>[Skip to <ahref=#idle>using the Python Shell</a>]
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=ubuntu>Installing on Ubuntu Linux</h2>
<p>Modern Linux distributions are backed by vast repositories of precompiled applications, ready to install. The exact details vary by distribution. In Ubuntu Linux, the easiest way to install Python 3 is through the <code>Add/Remove</code> application in your <code>Applications</code> menu.
<p>When you first launch the <code>Add/Remove</code> application, it will show you a list of preselected applications in different categories. Some are already installed; most are not. Because the repository contains over 10,000 applications, there are different filters you can apply to see small parts of the repository. The default filter is “Canonical-maintained applications,” which is a small subset of the total number of applications that are officially supported by Canonical, the company that creates and maintains Ubuntu Linux.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/ubu-install-1-all-open-source-applications.pngwidth=920height=473alt='[Add/Remove: all open source applications]'>
<p>Python 3 is not maintained by Canonical, so the first step is to drop down this filter menu and select “All Open Source applications.”
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/ubu-install-2-search-python-3.pngwidth=920height=473alt='[Add/Remove: search for Python 3]'>
<p>Once you’ve widened the filter to include all open source applications, use the Search box immediately after the filter menu to search for <kbd>Python 3</kbd>.
<p>Now the list of applications narrows to just those matching <kbd>Python 3</kbd>. You’re going to check two packages. The first is <code>Python (v3.0)</code>. This contains the Python interpreter itself.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/ubu-install-4-select-idle.pngwidth=920height=473alt='[Add/Remove: select IDLE for Python 3.0 package]'>
<p>The second package you want is immediately above: <code>IDLE (using Python-3.0)</code>. This is a graphical Python Shell that you will use throughout this book.
<p>After you’ve checked those two packages, click the <code>Apply Changes</code> button to continue.
<p>Once the packages are downloaded, the package manager will automatically begin installing them.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/ubu-install-8-success.pngwidth=591height=296alt='[Add/Remove: new applications have been installed]'>
<p>If all went well, the package manager will confirm that both packages were successfully installed. From here, you can double-click <abbr>IDLE</abbr> to launch the Python Shell, or click the <code>Close</code> button to exit the package manager.
<p>You can always relaunch the Python Shell by going to your <code>Applications</code> menu, then the <code>Programming</code> submenu, and selecting <abbr>IDLE</abbr>.
<li>
<pclass='ss nm'><imgsrc=i/ubu-interactive-shell.pngwidth=679height=687alt='[Linux Python Shell, a graphical interactive shell for Python]'>
<p>The Python Shell is where you will spend most of your time exploring Python. Examples throughout this book will assume that you can find your way into the Python Shell.
</ol>
<p>[Skip to <ahref=#idle>using the Python Shell</a>]
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=other>Installing on Other Platforms</h2>
<p>Python 3 is available on a number of different platforms. In particular, it is available in virtually every Linux, <abbr>BSD</abbr>, and Solaris-based distribution. For example, RedHat Linux uses the <code>yum</code> package manager. FreeBSD has its <ahref=http://www.freebsd.org/ports/>ports and packages collection</a>, <abbr>SUSE</abbr> has <code>zypper</code>, and Solaris has <code>pkgadd</code>. A quick web search for <code>Python 3</code> + <i>your operating system</i> should tell you whether a Python 3 package is available, and if so, how to install it.
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=idle>Using The Python Shell</h2>
<p>The Python Shell is where you can explore Python syntax, get interactive help on commands, and debug short programs. The graphical Python Shell (named <abbr>IDLE</abbr>) also contains a decent text editor that supports Python syntax coloring and integrates with the Python Shell. If you don’t already have a favorite text editor, you should give <abbr>IDLE</abbr> a try.
<p>First things first. The Python Shell itself is an amazing interactive playground. Throughout this book, you’ll see examples like this:
<preclass='nd screen'>
<sampclass=p>>>></samp><kbdclass=pp>1 + 1</kbd>
<sampclass=pp>2</samp></pre>
<p>The three angle brackets, <sampclass=p>>>></samp>, denote the Python Shell prompt. Don’t type that part. That’s just to let you know that this example is meant to be followed in the Python Shell.
<p><kbdclass=pp>1 + 1</kbd> is the part you type. You can type any valid Python expression or command in the Python Shell. Don’t be shy; it won’t bite! The worst that will happen is you’ll get an error message. Commands get executed immediately (once you press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>); expressions get evaluated immediately, and the Python Shell prints out the result.
<p><sampclass=pp>2</samp> is the result of evaluating this expression. As it happens, <kbdclass=pp>1 + 1</kbd> is a valid Python expression. The result, of course, is <sampclass=pp>2</samp>.
<p>Pretty simple, no? But there’s lots more you can do in the Python shell. If you ever get stuck — you can’t remember a command, or you can’t remember the proper arguments to pass a certain function — you can get interactive help in the Python Shell. Just type <kbd>help</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<preclass='nd screen'>
<sampclass=p>>>></samp><kbd>help</kbd>
<samp>Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object.</samp></pre>
<p>There are two modes of help. You can get help about a single object, which just prints out the documentation and returns you to the Python Shell prompt. You can also enter <i>help mode</i>, where instead of evaluating Python expressions, you just type keywords or command names and it will print out whatever it knows about that command.
<p>To enter the interactive help mode, type <kbd>help()</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<preclass='nd screen'>
<sampclass=p>>>></samp><kbdclass=pp>help()</kbd>
<samp>Welcome to Python 3.0! This is the online help utility.
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at http://docs.python.org/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, or topics, type "modules",
"keywords", or "topics". Each module also comes with a one-line summary
of what it does; to list the modules whose summaries contain a given word
such as "spam", type "modules spam".
</samp>
<sampclass=p>help></samp></pre>
<p>Note how the prompt changes from <sampclass=p>>>></samp> to <sampclass=p>help></samp>. This reminds you that you’re in the interactive help mode. Now you can enter any keyword, command, module name, function name — pretty much anything Python understands — and read documentation on it.
<li>To get documentation on the <code>print()</code> function, just type <kbd>print</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>. The interactive help mode will display something akin to a man page: the function name, a brief synopsis, the function’s arguments and their default values, and so on. If the documentation seems opaque to you, don’t panic. You’ll learn more about all these concepts in the next few chapters.
<li>Of course, the interactive help mode doesn’t know everything. If you type something that isn’t a Python command, module, function, or other built-in keyword, the interactive help mode will just shrug its virtual shoulders.
<li>To quit the interactive help mode, type <kbd>quit</kbd> and press <kbd>ENTER</kbd>.
<li>The prompt changes back to <sampclass=p>>>></samp> to signal that you’ve left the interactive help mode and returned to the Python Shell.
</ol>
<p><abbr>IDLE</abbr>, the graphical Python Shell, also includes a Python-aware text editor.
<pclass=a>⁂
<h2id=editors>Python Editors and IDEs</h2>
<p><abbr>IDLE</abbr> is not the only game in town when it comes to writing programs in Python. While it’s useful to get started with learning the language itself, many developers prefer other text editors or Integrated Development Environments (<abbr>IDE</abbr>s). I won’t cover them here, but the Python community maintains <ahref=http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonEditors>a list of Python-aware editors</a> that covers a wide range of supported platforms and software licenses.
<p>You might also want to check out the <ahref=http://wiki.python.org/moin/IntegratedDevelopmentEnvironments>list of Python-aware <abbr>IDE</abbr>s</a>, although few of them support Python 3 yet. One that does is <ahref=http://pydev.sourceforge.net/>PyDev</a>, a plugin for <ahref=http://eclipse.org/>Eclipse</a> that turns Eclipse into a full-fledged Python <abbr>IDE</abbr>. Both Eclipse and PyDev are cross-platform and open source.
<p>On the commercial front, there is ActiveState’s <ahref=http://www.activestate.com/komodo/>Komodo <abbr>IDE</abbr></a>. It has per-user licensing, but students can get a discount, and a free time-limited trial version is available.
<p>I’ve been programming in Python for nine years, and I edit my Python programs in <ahref=http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/>GNU Emacs</a> and debug them in the command-line Python Shell. There’s no right or wrong way to develop in Python. Find a way that works for you!
<pclass=v><ahref=whats-new.htmlrel=prevtitle='back to “What’s New In Dive Into Python 3”'><spanclass=u>☜</span></a><ahref=your-first-python-program.htmlrel=nexttitle='onward to “Your First Python Program”'><spanclass=u>☞</span></a>