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Central Java

Contents
History
    Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic era
Demographics
    Religion

Central Java
Jawa Tengah
Province of Central Java
Provinsi Jawa Tengah
and largest city
Semarang
Government
 • BodyCentral Java Provincial Government
 • GovernorAhmad Luthfi (Gerindra)
 • Vice GovernorTaj Yasin Maimoen
 • LegislatureCentral Java Regional House of Representatives (DPRD)
Area
 • Total
34,347.43 km (13,261.62 sq mi)
 • Rank25th in Indonesia
Highest elevation3,428 m (11,247 ft)
Population
 (mid 2025 estimate)
 • Total
38,233,930
 • Density1,113.153/km (2,883.052/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups 4.95%
HDI

History

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40,000 years ago, Australoid peoples related to modern Australian Aboriginals and Melanesians settled in Central Java. They were assimilated or replaced by Mongoloid Austronesians by about 3,000 BC, who brought technologies of pottery, outrigger canoes, the bow and arrow, and introduced domesticated pigs, fowls, and dogs. They also introduced cultivated rice and millet.

Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic era

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(km)		 Population
SNI		 Javanese (Hanacaraka) District</span>"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Dis."},"2":{"wt":"District"}},"i":0}}]}'>Dis. Urban village</span>"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"UV"},"2":{"wt":"Urban village"}},"i":0}}]}'>UV Rural village</span>"}]],"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"abbr","href":"./Template:Abbr"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"RV"},"2":{"wt":"Rural village"}},"i":0}}]}'>RV
pus Cilacap Regency Kabupaten Cilacap ꦕꦶꦭꦕꦥ꧀ Cilacap 2,325,17 2,046,390 24 15 269 PWT 03
pus Banjarnegara Regency Kabupaten Banjarnegara ꦧꦚ꧀ꦗꦂꦤꦼꦒꦫ Banjarnegara 1,144.90 1,067,610 20 12 266 KBM 06
pus Wonosobo Regency Kabupaten Wonosobo ꦮꦤꦱꦧ Wonosobo 1,011.62 931,140 15 29 236 MKD 09
pus Klaten Regency Kabupaten Klaten ꦏ꧀ꦭꦛꦺꦤ꧀ Klaten 701.51 1,300,940 26 10 391 SKH 12
pus Karanganyar Regency Kabupaten Karanganyar ꦏꦫꦔꦚꦂ Karanganyar 802.85 968,480 17 15 162 SGN 15
pus Blora Regency Kabupaten Blora ꦨ꧀ꦭꦺꦴꦫ Blora 1,957.29 914,170 16 24 271 RBG 18
pus Kudus Regency Kabupaten Kudus ꦏꦸꦢꦸꦱ꧀ Kudus 447.45 891,720 9 9 123 JPA 21
pus Semarang Regency Kabupaten Semarang ꦱꦼꦩꦫꦁ Ungaran 1,019.27 1,098,570 19 27 208 TMG 24
pus Batang Regency Kabupaten Batang ꦨꦠꦁ Batang 857.27 857,070 15 9 239 KJN 27
pus Tegal Regency Kabupaten Tegal ꦠꦼꦒꦭ꧀ Slawi 983.71 1,694,240 18 6 281 BBS 71 —N/a 18.56 122,670 3 17
pus Surakarta City Kota Surakarta ꦯꦸꦫꦏꦂꦡ —73 —N/a SMG N/a 374.75 1,722,420 16 177
pus Pekalongan City Kota Pekalongan ꦥꦏꦭꦺꦴꦔꦤ꧀ —76 —N/a

The province comprises 10 of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the House of Representatives. The province's 77 elected members are comprised as follows:

8
Central Java II 7
Central Java V 7
Central Java VIII 7

Demographics

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As of the 2010 census, Central Java's population stood at 32.38 million, barely increasing from 2000, compared with the 1990 census when the population was 28 million. This reflected an increase of approximately 13.5% in 20 years. At the 2020 Census the population was 36,516,035, and the official estimate for mid 2025 was 38,233,930. Birthrates had not plunged between 2000 and 2010, instead losses due to domestic outmigration on 2010 figures, reversed themselves in 2020 with pandemic back to kampung influence.

The three biggest regencies in terms of population are: Brebes, Cilacap and Banyumas. Together they make up approximately 16% of the province's population. Major urban population centres include Greater Semarang, Greater Surakarta and the Brebes-Tegal-Slawi area in the northwest of the province.

Religion

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Religion in Central Java (June 2024)
  1. Islam (97.4%)
  2. Protestantism (1.55%)
  3. Roman Catholic (0.89%)
  4. Buddhism (0.13%)
  5. Hinduism (0.04%)
  6. Kejawen (0.02%)
  7. Confucianism (0.00%)

Although the overwhelming majority of Javanese are Muslims, many also profess indigenous Javanese beliefs. Clifford Geertz, in his book about the religion of Java, made a distinction between the so-called santri Javanese and abangan Javanese. He considered the former as orthodox Muslims and the latter as nominal Muslims that devote more energy to indigenous traditions.

Dutch Protestants were active in missionary activities and were rather successful. The Dutch Catholic Jesuit missionary, F.G.C. van Lith also achieved some success, especially in areas around the central-southern parts of Central Java and Yogyakarta at the beginning of the 20th century, and is buried at the Jesuit necropolis at Muntilan.

Following the upheavals in 1965–66, religious identification of citizens became compulsory, and there has been a renaissance of Buddhism and Hinduism since then. As one has to choose a religion out of the five official religions in Indonesia; i.e. Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, the latter two became alternatives for people who did not want to be Muslims or Christians. Confucianism is also common among Chinese Indonesians. In the post-Suharto era, it is recognised as an official religion along with the aforementioned five.

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