Viewing: ru.cppreference.com

++

if

switch

()

for
`for` (C++11)

while
`do-while`

continue - break

goto - return

-

inline

( C++17*)

noexcept (C++11)

throw

try-catch

/

decltype (C++11)
auto (C++11)
alignas (C++11)

`const`/`volatile`
constexpr (C++11)


(C++11)

- -

- - nullptr (C++11)

(C++11)

Types

typedef

(C++11)

Casts

-

static_cast - dynamic_cast

const_cast - reinterpret_cast

new

delete



`this`


`friend`


`override` (C++11)
`final` (C++11)

explicit (C++11)
static

-



(C++11)


(C++11)


(C++11)

C++

[edit]

( , , C++)

void

void - . , (, void ). void, void. , void void ( ) .

std::nullptr_t ( C++11)

`<cstddef>`
`typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;`		( C++11)

std::nullptr_t , nullptr. , . ( NULL) .

sizeof(std::nullptr_t) sizeof(void *).

, , . :

32- :

LP32 2/4/4 (int 16-, long 32-)

Win16 API

ILP32 4/4/4 (int, long, 32-);

Win32 API
Unix Unix- (Linux, macOS)

64- :

LLP64 4/4/8 (int long 32-, 64-)

Win32 API ( Windows API) 64-bit ARM (AArch64) x86-64 ( x64)

LP64 4/8/8 (int 32-, long 64-)

Unix Unix- (Linux, macOS)

. , ILP64 (8/8/8: int, long 64-) 64- Unix ( UNICOS Cray).

int . int , - , . , 16 . 32/64 32 ( ).

. . .

signed - ( , )

unsigned -

short - 16 .

long - 32 .

long long - 64 .

( C++11)

: , : unsigned long long int long int unsigned long .

{anchor|Integer properties}}

:


		C++	LP32	ILP32	LLP64	LP64
`short`	`short int`	16	16	16	16	16
`short int`
`signed short`
`signed short int`
`unsigned short`	`unsigned short int`
`unsigned short int`	`unsigned short int`
`int`	`int`	16	16	32	32	32
`signed`
`signed int`
`unsigned`	`unsigned int`
`unsigned int`	`unsigned int`
`long`	`long int`	32	32	32	32	64
`long int`
`signed long`
`signed long int`
`unsigned long`	`unsigned long int`
`unsigned long int`	`unsigned long int`
`long long`	`long long int` (C++11)	64	64	64	64	64
`long long int`
`signed long long`
`signed long long int`
`unsigned long long`	`unsigned long long int` (C++11)
`unsigned long long int`	`unsigned long long int` (C++11)

. - . , .

std::size_t sizeof , sizeof... alignof ( C++11).

( C++11)

. , .

bool , : true false. sizeof(bool) 1.

signed char - .

unsigned char - . ( ).

char - , ( , signed char unsigned char, ). . unsigned char [0, 255] char unsigned char . ( C++11). char : ARM PowerPC , x86 x64 .

wchar_t - ( ). , , , . 32- UTF-32 Linux , Windows, Windows 16- UTF-16. , wchar_t , . Windows, P2460R2.

char16_t - UTF-16, UTF-16 (16 ). , , std::uint_least16_t, .

char32_t - UTF-32, UTF-32 (32 ). , , std::uint_least32_t, .

( C++11)

char8_t - UTF-8, UTF-8 (8 ). , , unsigned char (, , , char signed char), .

( C++20)

, C++ ,

1 == sizeof(char) ≤ sizeof(short) ≤ sizeof(int) ≤ sizeof(long) ≤ sizeof(long long).

: , 64 , ( char) 64 , sizeof 1 .

cv- .

float - . IEEE-754 binary32, .

double - . IEEE-754 binary64, .

long double - . IEEE-754 binary128, , IEEE-754 binary64- , , , IEEE-754, , binary64, binary64, IEEE-754 binary64.

binary128 HP-UX, SPARC, MIPS, ARM64 z/OS.
IEEE-754 binary64- 80- . x86 x86-64 ( MSVC, long double , double, binary64).

( C++23)

. .

:

( ), INFINITY
, -0.0. , , 1.0/0.0 == INFINITY, 1.0/-0.0 == -INFINITY), , sqrt(std::complex)
(NaN - not-a-number), ( ). NaN, std::nan, NAN. , C++ NaN, std::numeric_limits::has_signaling_NaN, NaN .

+, -, / *, cmath. , errno, math_errhandling

, , FLT_EVAL_METHOD. , , , #pragma STDC FP_CONTRACT.

( ) ( , ).

.

std::numeric_limits , .

.

C++20 C++ , N- $\scriptsize -(2^{N-1}-1)$ $-(2 N-1 -1)$ $\scriptsize +2^{N-1}-1$ $+2 N-1 -1$ ( -127 127 8- ), .

C++ , , C++20, , , $\scriptsize -2^{N-1}$ $-2 N-1$ $\scriptsize +2^{N-1}-1$ $+2 N-1 -1$ ( -128 127 8- ).

8- , char C++11 ( CWG 1759), UTF-8 0x80, UTF-8, char.



8			-128 127
8			0 255
16	UTF-16		0 65535
32	UTF-32		0 1114111 (0x10ffff)
16		3.27 104	-32768 32767
16		0 6.55 104	0 65535
32		2.14 109	-2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647
32		0 4.29 109	0 4,294,967,295
64		9.22 1018	-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
64		0 1.84 1019	0 18,446,744,073,709,551,615
32	IEEE-754	: 1.401,298,4 10{sup\|45}} : 1.175,494,3 1038 : 3.402,823,4 1038	: 0x1p-149 : 0x1p-126 : 0x1.fffffep+127
64	IEEE-754	: 4.940,656,458,412 10324 : 2.225,073,858,507,201,4 10308 : 1.797,693,134,862,315,7 10308	: 0x1p-1074 : 0x1p-1022 : 0x1.fffffffffffffp+1023
80[ 1]	x86	: 3.645,199,531,882,474,602,528 104951 : 3.362,103,143,112,093,506,263 104932 : 1.189,731,495,357,231,765,021 104932	: 0x1p-16445 : 0x1p-16382 : 0x1.fffffffffffffffep+16383
128	IEEE-754	: 6.475,175,119,438,025,110,924, 438,958,227,646,552,5 104966 : 3.362,103,143,112,093,506,262, 677,817,321,752,602,6 104932 : 1.189,731,495,357,231,765,085, 759,326,628,007,016,2 104932	: 0x1p-16494 : 0x1p-16382 : 0x1.ffffffffffffffffffffffffffff p+16383

96/128 32/64- .

: ( ) , , C std::numeric_limits


`__cpp_unicode_characters`	`200704L`	(C++11)	(`char16_t` `char32_t`)
`__cpp_char8_t`	`201811L`	(C++20)	`char8_t`
`__cpp_char8_t`	`202207L`	(C++23)	`char8_t` ( `(unsigned) char` UTF-8)

void, bool, true, false, char, wchar_t, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t, int, short, long, signed, unsigned, float, double

C++:


CWG 238	C++98	, ,
CWG 1759	c++11	`char` , UTF-8 0x80
WG	C++98	`wchar_t` , ,

C

[1] 96/128 32/64- .