Generic Operating System Services

The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces, but they are available on most other systems as well. Heres an overview:

• os Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables
  • Python UTF-8 Mode
  • Process Parameters
  • File Object Creation
  • File Descriptor Operations
    • Querying the size of a terminal
    • Inheritance of File Descriptors
  • Files and Directories
    • Timer File Descriptors
    • Linux extended attributes
  • Process Management
  • Interface to the scheduler
  • Miscellaneous System Information
  • Random numbers
• io Core tools for working with streams
  • Overview
    • Text I/O
    • Binary I/O
    • Raw I/O
  • Text Encoding
    • Opt-in EncodingWarning
  • High-level Module Interface
  • Class hierarchy
    • I/O Base Classes
    • Raw File I/O
    • Buffered Streams
    • Text I/O
  • Static Typing
  • Performance
    • Binary I/O
    • Text I/O
    • Multi-threading
    • Reentrancy
• time Time access and conversions
  • Functions
  • Clock ID Constants
  • Timezone Constants
• logging Logging facility for Python
  • Logger Objects
  • Logging Levels
  • Handler Objects
  • Formatter Objects
  • Filter Objects
  • LogRecord Objects
  • LogRecord attributes
  • LoggerAdapter Objects
  • Thread Safety
  • Module-Level Functions
  • Module-Level Attributes
  • Integration with the warnings module
• logging.config Logging configuration
  • Configuration functions
  • Security considerations
  • Configuration dictionary schema
    • Dictionary Schema Details
    • Incremental Configuration
    • Object connections
    • User-defined objects
    • Handler configuration order
    • Access to external objects
    • Access to internal objects
    • Import resolution and custom importers
    • Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener
  • Configuration file format
• logging.handlers Logging handlers
  • StreamHandler
  • FileHandler
  • NullHandler
  • WatchedFileHandler
  • BaseRotatingHandler
  • RotatingFileHandler
  • TimedRotatingFileHandler
  • SocketHandler
  • DatagramHandler
  • SysLogHandler
  • NTEventLogHandler
  • SMTPHandler
  • MemoryHandler
  • HTTPHandler
  • QueueHandler
  • QueueListener
• platform Access to underlying platforms identifying data
  • Cross platform
  • Java platform
  • Windows platform
  • macOS platform
  • iOS platform
  • Unix platforms
  • Linux platforms
  • Android platform
  • Command-line usage
• errno Standard errno system symbols
• ctypes A foreign function library for Python
  • ctypes tutorial
    • Loading dynamic link libraries
    • Accessing functions from loaded dlls
    • Calling functions
    • Fundamental data types
    • Calling functions, continued
    • Calling variadic functions
    • Calling functions with your own custom data types
    • Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
    • Return types
    • Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
    • Structures and unions
    • Structure/union layout, alignment and byte order
    • Bit fields in structures and unions
    • Arrays
    • Pointers
    • Thread safety without the GIL
    • Type conversions
    • Incomplete Types
    • Callback functions
    • Accessing values exported from dlls
    • Surprises
    • Variable-sized data types
  • ctypes reference
    • Finding shared libraries
    • Listing loaded shared libraries
    • Loading shared libraries
    • Foreign functions
    • Function prototypes
    • Utility functions
    • Data types
    • Fundamental data types
    • Structured data types
    • Arrays and pointers
    • Exceptions