RustPython
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ unsync
 wasip1
 wasip2
 wasmbind
+wasmer
 wasmtime
 widestring
 winapi

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -404,11 +404,13 @@ jobs:
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.36" }
       - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
         run: |
-          cd wasm/wasm-unknown-test
-          cargo build --release --verbose
-          if wasm-objdump -xj Import target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/wasm_unknown_test.wasm; then
-            echo "ERROR: wasm32-unknown module expects imports from the host environment" >2
+          cd example_projects/wasm32_without_js/rustpython-without-js
+          cargo build
+          cd ..
+          if wasm-objdump -xj Import rustpython-without-js/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/rustpython_without_js.wasm; then
+            echo "ERROR: wasm32-unknown module expects imports from the host environment" >&2
           fi
+          cargo run --release --manifest-path wasm-runtime/Cargo.toml rustpython-without-js/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/rustpython_without_js.wasm
       - name: build notebook demo
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/release'
         run: |

diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/.gitignore b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*/target/
+*/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/README.md b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# RustPython wasm32 build without JS
+
+To test, build rustpython to wasm32-unknown-unknown target first.
+
+```shell
+cd rustpython-without-js  # due to `.cargo/config.toml`
+cargo build
+cd ..
+```
+
+Then there will be `rustpython-without-js/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/rustpython_without_js.wasm` file.
+
+Now we can run the wasm file with wasm runtime:
+
+```shell
+cargo run --release --manifest-path wasm-runtime/Cargo.toml rustpython-without-js/target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/debug/rustpython_without_js.wasm
+```
+
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml → .../rustpython-without-js/.cargo/config.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml → .../rustpython-without-js/.cargo/config.toml
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/rustpython-without-js/Cargo.toml b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/rustpython-without-js/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-without-js"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+getrandom = "0.3"
+rustpython-vm = { path = "../../../crates/vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }
+
+[workspace]
+
+[patch.crates-io]
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md → ...ithout_js/rustpython-without-js/README.md b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md → ...ithout_js/rustpython-without-js/README.md
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/rustpython-without-js/src/lib.rs b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/rustpython-without-js/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter};
+
+unsafe extern "C" {
+    fn kv_get(kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32;
+
+    /// kp and kl are the key pointer and length in wasm memory, vp and vl are for the value
+    fn kv_put(kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32;
+
+    fn print(p: i32, l: i32) -> i32;
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> i32 {
+    // let src = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l) };
+    // let src = std::str::from_utf8(src).unwrap();
+    // TODO: use src
+    let src = "1 + 3";
+
+    // 2. Execute Python code
+    let interpreter = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
+    let result = interpreter.enter(|vm| {
+        let scope = vm.new_scope_with_builtins();
+        let res = match vm.run_block_expr(scope, src) {
+            Ok(val) => val,
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Python execution error
+        };
+        let repr_str = match res.repr(vm) {
+            Ok(repr) => repr.as_str().to_string(),
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Failed to get string representation
+        };
+        Ok(repr_str)
+    });
+    let result = match result {
+        Ok(r) => r,
+        Err(code) => return code,
+    };
+
+    let msg = format!("eval result: {result}");
+
+    unsafe {
+        print(
+            msg.as_str().as_ptr() as usize as i32,
+            msg.len() as i32,
+        )
+    };
+
+    0
+}
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> i32 {
-    // let src = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l) };
-    // let src = std::str::from_utf8(src).unwrap();
-    // TODO: use src
-    let src = "1 + 3";
-
-    // 2. Execute Python code
-    let interpreter = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
-    let result = interpreter.enter(|vm| {
-        let scope = vm.new_scope_with_builtins();
-        let res = match vm.run_block_expr(scope, src) {
-            Ok(val) => val,
-            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Python execution error
-        };
-        let repr_str = match res.repr(vm) {
-            Ok(repr) => repr.as_str().to_string(),
-            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Failed to get string representation
-        };
-        Ok(repr_str)
-    });
-    let result = match result {
-        Ok(r) => r,
-        Err(code) => return code,
-    };
-
-    let msg = format!("eval result: {result}");
-
-    unsafe {
-        print(
-            result.as_str().as_ptr() as usize as i32,
-            result.len() as i32,
-        )
-    };
-
-    0
-}
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> i32 {
+    let src_bytes = std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l);
+    let src = match std::str::from_utf8(src_bytes) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(_) => return -1, // invalid UTF‑8 input
+    };
+
+    // 2. Execute Python code
+    let interpreter = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
+    let result = interpreter.enter(|vm| {
+        let scope = vm.new_scope_with_builtins();
+        let res = match vm.run_block_expr(scope, src) {
+            Ok(val) => val,
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Python execution error
+        };
+        let repr_str = match res.repr(vm) {
+            Ok(repr) => repr.as_str().to_string(),
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Failed to get string representation
+        };
+        Ok(repr_str)
+    });
+    let result = match result {
+        Ok(r) => r,
+        Err(code) => return code,
+    };
+
+    let msg = format!("eval result: {result}");
+
+    unsafe {
+        print(
+            msg.as_ptr() as usize as i32,
+            msg.len() as i32,
+        )
+    };
+
+    0
+}
-#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
-pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> i32 {
-    // let src = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l) };
-    // let src = std::str::from_utf8(src).unwrap();
-    // TODO: use src
-    let src = "1 + 3";
-
-    // 2. Execute Python code
-    let interpreter = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
-    let result = interpreter.enter(|vm| {
-        let scope = vm.new_scope_with_builtins();
-        let res = match vm.run_block_expr(scope, src) {
-            Ok(val) => val,
-            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Python execution error
-        };
-        let repr_str = match res.repr(vm) {
-            Ok(repr) => repr.as_str().to_string(),
-            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Failed to get string representation
-        };
-        Ok(repr_str)
-    });
-    let result = match result {
-        Ok(r) => r,
-        Err(code) => return code,
-    };
-
-    let msg = format!("eval result: {result}");
-
-    unsafe {
-        print(
-            result.as_str().as_ptr() as usize as i32,
-            result.len() as i32,
-        )
-    };
-
-    0
-}
+#[no_mangle]
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> i32 {
+    let src_bytes = std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l);
+    let src = match std::str::from_utf8(src_bytes) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(_) => return -1, // invalid UTF‑8 input
+    };
+
+    // 2. Execute Python code
+    let interpreter = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
+    let result = interpreter.enter(|vm| {
+        let scope = vm.new_scope_with_builtins();
+        let res = match vm.run_block_expr(scope, src) {
+            Ok(val) => val,
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Python execution error
+        };
+        let repr_str = match res.repr(vm) {
+            Ok(repr) => repr.as_str().to_string(),
+            Err(_) => return Err(-1), // Failed to get string representation
+        };
+        Ok(repr_str)
+    });
+    let result = match result {
+        Ok(r) => r,
+        Err(code) => return code,
+    };
+
+    let msg = format!("eval result: {result}");
+
+    unsafe {
+        print(
+            msg.as_ptr() as usize as i32,
+            msg.len() as i32,
+        )
+    };
+
+    0
+}
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+unsafe extern "Rust" fn __getrandom_v03_custom(
+    _dest: *mut u8,
+    _len: usize,
+) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
+    // Err(getrandom::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
+
+    // WARNING: This function **MUST** perform proper getrandom
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/.gitignore b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.wasm
+target
+Cargo.lock
+!wasm/rustpython.wasm
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/Cargo.toml b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "wasm-runtime"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
-edition = "2024"
+edition = "2021"
-edition = "2024"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+wasmer = "6.1.0"
+
+[workspace]
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/README.md b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Simple WASM Runtime
+
+WebAssembly runtime POC with wasmer with HashMap-based KV store.
+First make sure to install wat2wasm and rust.
+
+```bash
+# following command installs rust
+curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
+
+cargo run --release <wasm binary>
+```
+
+## WASM binary requirements
+
+Entry point is `eval(code_ptr: i32, code_len: i32) -> i32`, following are exported functions, on error return -1:
+
+- `kv_put(key_ptr: i32, key_len: i32, val_ptr: i32, val_len: i32) -> i32`
+- `kv_get(key_ptr: i32, key_len: i32, val_ptr: i32, val_len: i32) -> i32`
+- `print(msg_ptr: i32, msg_len: i32) -> i32`
diff --git a/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/src/main.rs b/example_projects/wasm32_without_js/wasm-runtime/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use wasmer::{
+    Function, FunctionEnv, FunctionEnvMut, Instance, Memory, Module, Store, Value, imports,
+};
+
+struct Ctx {
+    kv: HashMap<Vec<u8>, Vec<u8>>,
+    mem: Option<Memory>,
+}
+
+/// kp and kl are the key pointer and length in wasm memory, vp and vl are for the return value
+/// if read value is bigger than vl then it will be truncated to vl, returns read bytes
+fn kv_get(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
+    if c.mem
+        .as_ref()
+        .unwrap()
+        .view(&s)
+        .read(kp as u64, &mut key)
+        .is_err()
+    {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    match c.kv.get(&key) {
+        Some(val) => {
+            let len = val.len().min(vl as usize);
+            if c.mem
+                .as_ref()
+                .unwrap()
+                .view(&s)
+                .write(vp as u64, &val[..len])
+                .is_err()
+            {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            len as i32
+        }
+        None => 0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// kp and kl are the key pointer and length in wasm memory, vp and vl are for the value
+fn kv_put(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
+    let mut val = vec![0u8; vl as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
+    if m.read(kp as u64, &mut key).is_err() || m.read(vp as u64, &mut val).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    c.kv.insert(key, val);
+    0
+}
-fn kv_put(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
-    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
-    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
-    let mut val = vec![0u8; vl as usize];
-    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
-    if m.read(kp as u64, &mut key).is_err() || m.read(vp as u64, &mut val).is_err() {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    c.kv.insert(key, val);
-    0
-}
+fn kv_put(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
+    let mut val = vec![0u8; vl as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().expect("memory not initialized").view(&s);
+    if m.read(kp as u64, &mut key).is_err() || m.read(vp as u64, &mut val).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    c.kv.insert(key, val);
+    0
+}
-fn kv_put(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
-    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
-    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
-    let mut val = vec![0u8; vl as usize];
-    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
-    if m.read(kp as u64, &mut key).is_err() || m.read(vp as u64, &mut val).is_err() {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    c.kv.insert(key, val);
-    0
-}
+fn kv_put(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, kp: i32, kl: i32, vp: i32, vl: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut key = vec![0u8; kl as usize];
+    let mut val = vec![0u8; vl as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().expect("memory not initialized").view(&s);
+    if m.read(kp as u64, &mut key).is_err() || m.read(vp as u64, &mut val).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    c.kv.insert(key, val);
+    0
+}
+
+// // p and l are the buffer pointer and length in wasm memory.
+// fn get_code(mut ctx:FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
+//     let file_name = std::env::args().nth(2).expect("file_name is not given");
+//     let code : String = std::fs::read_to_string(file_name).expect("file read failed");
+//     if code.len() > l as usize {
+//         eprintln!("code is too long");
+//         return -1;
+//     }
+
+//     let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+//     let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
+//     if m.write(p as u64, code.as_bytes()).is_err() {
+//         return -2;
+//     }
+
+//     0
+// }
+
+// p and l are the message pointer and length in wasm memory.
+fn print(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut msg = vec![0u8; l as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
+    if m.read(p as u64, &mut msg).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    let s = std::str::from_utf8(&msg).expect("print got non-utf8 str");
+    println!("{s}");
+    0
+}
-fn print(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
-    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
-    let mut msg = vec![0u8; l as usize];
-    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
-    if m.read(p as u64, &mut msg).is_err() {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    let s = std::str::from_utf8(&msg).expect("print got non-utf8 str");
-    println!("{s}");
-    0
-}
+fn print(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut msg = vec![0u8; l as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().expect("memory not initialized").view(&s);
+    if m.read(p as u64, &mut msg).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    match std::str::from_utf8(&msg) {
+        Ok(s) => {
+            println!("{s}");
+            0
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            eprintln!("print received non-UTF8 data");
+            -1
+        }
+    }
+}
-fn print(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
-    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
-    let mut msg = vec![0u8; l as usize];
-    let m = c.mem.as_ref().unwrap().view(&s);
-    if m.read(p as u64, &mut msg).is_err() {
-        return -1;
-    }
-    let s = std::str::from_utf8(&msg).expect("print got non-utf8 str");
-    println!("{s}");
-    0
-}
+fn print(mut ctx: FunctionEnvMut<Ctx>, p: i32, l: i32) -> i32 {
+    let (c, s) = ctx.data_and_store_mut();
+    let mut msg = vec![0u8; l as usize];
+    let m = c.mem.as_ref().expect("memory not initialized").view(&s);
+    if m.read(p as u64, &mut msg).is_err() {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    match std::str::from_utf8(&msg) {
+        Ok(s) => {
+            println!("{s}");
+            0
+        }
+        Err(_) => {
+            eprintln!("print received non-UTF8 data");
+            -1
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut store = Store::default();
+    let module = Module::new(
+        &store,
+        &std::fs::read(&std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap()).unwrap(),
+    )
+    .unwrap();
-fn main() {
-    let mut store = Store::default();
-    let module = Module::new(
-        &store,
-        &std::fs::read(&std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap()).unwrap(),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+fn main() {
+    let wasm_path = std::env::args()
+        .nth(1)
+        .expect("Usage: wasm-runtime <wasm_file_path>");
+    
+    let mut store = Store::default();
+    let wasm_bytes = std::fs::read(&wasm_path)
+        .expect("Failed to read WASM file");
+    let module = Module::new(&store, &wasm_bytes)
+        .expect("Failed to create WASM module");
-fn main() {
-    let mut store = Store::default();
-    let module = Module::new(
-        &store,
-        &std::fs::read(&std::env::args().nth(1).unwrap()).unwrap(),
-    )
-    .unwrap();
+fn main() {
+    let wasm_path = std::env::args()
+        .nth(1)
+        .expect("Usage: wasm-runtime <wasm_file_path>");
+    
+    let mut store = Store::default();
+    let wasm_bytes = std::fs::read(&wasm_path)
+        .expect("Failed to read WASM file");
+    let module = Module::new(&store, &wasm_bytes)
+        .expect("Failed to create WASM module");
+
+    // Prepare initial KV store with Python code
+    let mut initial_kv = HashMap::new();
+    initial_kv.insert(
+        b"code".to_vec(),
+        b"a=10;b='str';f'{a}{b}'".to_vec(), // Python code to execute
+    );
+
+    let env = FunctionEnv::new(
+        &mut store,
+        Ctx {
+            kv: initial_kv,
+            mem: None,
+        },
+    );
+    let imports = imports! {
+        "env" => {
+            "kv_get" => Function::new_typed_with_env(&mut store, &env, kv_get),
+            "kv_put" => Function::new_typed_with_env(&mut store, &env, kv_put),
+            // "get_code" => Function::new_typed_with_env(&mut store, &env, get_code),
+            "print" => Function::new_typed_with_env(&mut store, &env, print),
+        }
+    };
+    let inst = Instance::new(&mut store, &module, &imports).unwrap();
+    env.as_mut(&mut store).mem = inst.exports.get_memory("memory").ok().cloned();
+    let res = inst
+        .exports
+        .get_function("eval")
+        .unwrap()
+        // TODO: actually pass source code
+        .call(&mut store, &[wasmer::Value::I32(0), wasmer::Value::I32(0)])
+        .unwrap();
+    println!(
+        "Result: {}",
+        match res[0] {
+            Value::I32(v) => v,
+            _ => -1,
+        }
+    );
+}
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
-Original file line number
+Diff line change
@@ Expand Up / @@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ unsync @@
     wasip1
     wasip2
     wasmbind
+    wasmer
     wasmtime
     widestring
     winapi
@@ Expand Down @@