Verify each finding against current code. Fix only still-valid issues, skip the
rest with a brief reason, keep changes minimal, and validate.

Inline comments:
In `@src/ASN1/ber/reader.ts`:
- Around line 71-103: `readBlock()` in the ASN.1 BER reader is validating
nested-length bytes against the wrong cursor state, so truncated
indefinite-length inputs can overrun the buffer or loop forever. Update the
bounds checks in `readBlock()` to use `currOffset` consistently for the
length-byte reads and payload advance, and ensure the nested-length branch
returns null or throws before `currOffset` can move past `this._size`.
- Around line 178-180: readBoolean() in the BER reader is treating a null result
from _readTag(Types.Boolean) as true, which fabricates a value on truncated
input. Update readBoolean() to explicitly handle a null return from _readTag()
as an error or null-equivalent path before converting the tag value, and ensure
it does not leave the cursor unchanged on malformed BER.
- Around line 281-300: The INTEGER decoding logic in the reader’s long-form
integer path is using 32-bit bitwise operations, so values longer than 4 bytes
can overflow or decode incorrectly; update this branch in the ASN.1 BER reader’s
integer parsing routine to reject lengths greater than 4 bytes (or otherwise
switch to a wider numeric representation). Keep the existing length checks near
readLength/readInteger handling, and adjust the overflow guard so it aligns with
the 32-bit arithmetic used by the value assembly and final shift.

In `@src/ASN1/ber/writer.ts`:
- Around line 109-117: writeBuffer currently rejects empty Buffers because it
always calls _ensure(buf.length), which breaks zero-length TLV encoding. Update
writeBuffer to handle Buffer.alloc(0) as a valid case by skipping the buffer
growth check when buf.length is 0, while still writing the tag and length; use
writeBuffer and _ensure as the key locations, and keep behavior consistent with
writeString’s empty-content handling.
- Around line 29-32: Validate the writer resize settings in the ASN.1 BER writer
constructor so invalid buffer growth values cannot reach _ensure. In the Writer
constructor, where _options is assigned, add validation for growthFactor (and
any related size constraints) to reject zero, negative, or non-finite values
before they are used by _ensure and the reallocation logic. Keep the checks
close to the _options initialization so bad options are caught early and the
writer state cannot become corrupted during buffer growth.
- Around line 132-138: The OID validation in the writer logic is too permissive
and allows trailing-dot strings like a dangling arc, which later gets parsed
into invalid output; tighten the check in the OID parsing path so empty segments
are rejected before splitting/parsing, and make sure the validation in the same
writer function that processes the input string fails fast for malformed OIDs
instead of producing bytes from a NaN value.
- Around line 50-62: The writeInt method is relying on bitwise coercion before
validating the input, so invalid or non-integer numbers can be silently
truncated. Update writeInt in the ASN1 BER writer to explicitly validate that i
is a safe integer within the supported 32-bit unsigned range before any bit
operations, and keep the existing Types.Integer/tag handling unchanged. Use the
writeInt guard path and the newInvalidAsn1Error check to reject out-of-range
values instead of letting the loop encode them incorrectly.

In `@src/encodings/ber/decoder/Command.ts`:
- Around line 40-43: The `Command` decoder is treating a valid zero mask as
missing because the current falsy check on `dirFieldMask`/the returned mask from
`intToMask` conflates `FieldFlags.Default` with `undefined`. Update the logic in
the `decoder/Command` flow to check explicitly for `undefined` (or use a nullish
check) before rejecting the value, and keep the rest of the `reader.readInt()`
to `intToMask` mapping unchanged.

In `@src/encodings/ber/decoder/Matrix.ts`:
- Line 218: The BER matrix decoding in Matrix.ts is still forcing nullable
results from reader.readInt() into number[] by asserting non-null. Update the
array population logic at the affected push sites in the Matrix decoder so that
readInt() failures are handled explicitly instead of cast away, and only valid
numeric values are stored in targets. Use the Matrix decoder methods that build
the numeric arrays to locate and remove the unsafe assertions.

In `@src/encodings/ber/decoder/Parameter.ts`:
- Line 108: In Parameter.ts, the templateReference decode in the BER parameter
decoder is using the wrong reader type: it is parsed as a STRING even though
templateReference is a RelativeOID and should match the other BER OID decoders.
Update the decode logic in the relevant parameter-handling path to read
templateReference with the RELATIVE_OID BER data type, using the same reader
pattern used for other OID-like fields so valid BER OID payloads are decoded
correctly.

---

Nitpick comments:
In `@src/ASN1/ber/__tests__/writer.spec.ts`:
- Around line 291-300: The Write OID test in writer.spec.ts only logs the actual
and expected buffers, so it never verifies behavior. In the test named Write
OID, replace the console.log calls with explicit assertions on the Writer.buffer
output from writeOID(oid), and compare it against the expected BER bytes using
the existing oid and Writer symbols so regressions are caught.

Verify each finding against current code. Fix only still-valid issues, skip the
rest with a brief reason, keep changes minimal, and validate.

Outside diff comments:
In `@src/ASN1/ber/reader.ts`:
- Around line 273-275: Update the first-subidentifier decoding near
values.shift() to apply BER’s three ranges: 0–39 maps to arcs 0 and value, 40–79
maps to arcs 1 and value minus 40, and 80+ maps to arcs 2 and value minus 80.
Preserve subsequent subidentifier decoding and add coverage for an OID such as
2.100.3.