### Describe your change:

Added input validation to cyclic_sort function to prevent infinite loops
and silent errors when the input list contains duplicates or numbers
outside the valid range.

* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
* [ ] Documentation change?

### Checklist:
* [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
* [x] All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: Fixes TheAlgorithms#14898

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