This repository contains my C++ snippets on C++ concepts/idioms, optimized C++, modern C++ and advanced C++. It includes snippets for using third-party libraries to parse CSV, YAML, and JSON files, an example of code benchmarking with Google Benchmark, and a tutorial on using CMake to build and export your project.

See BUILDING.md for CMake configuration, Docker usage (including GUI apps), and VSCode setup.

• Data Types, Numerical Limits, Machine Epsilon, Precision, std::nan
• Data Type Conversions, Casting, Type Coercion
• Static Casting, Dynamic Casting
• Const, Constexpr, consteval, constinit, Mutable
• Immutable Objects
• Decay
• Enum
• Functions, Function Objects, Function Pointer, Inline Functions
• Extern Variables, Extern Functions
• Lambda
• Callable Objects, Callbacks
  • 1. Function Pointers
  • 2. Functor (Function Objects)
  • 3. std::function, std::placeholders, and std::bind
  • 4. Lambda Functions
  • 5. Member Function Pointers
  • 6. Signals and Slots
  • 7. std::invoke
  • 8. Packaged Tasks
  • 9. Coroutines
  • 10. Auto-generated operator() from a Captureless Lambda
• References, Lvalue/Rvalue, reference_wrapper, std::ref / std::cref
• Forwarding Reference
• Move Semantics, Copy Constructor, Move Constructor, Assignment
• Scope Resolution Operator
• Scope and Life Cycle of Objects Returned by Functions
• Nested Namespaces, Unnamed/Anonymous Namespaces
• Macros
• Literals
• Numeral Systems in C++ Decimal, Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
• Big-endian, Little-endian
• Bitset, Bit field, Bitwise Operations
• Post-increment, Pre-increment, Unary plus
• Ternary (One Line If)
• Switch Case
• Setting argc, argv
• Simple Command Argument Parser
• Assert
• Attribute specifier sequence [[attribute-list]]
• Register Keyword
• Volatile Keyword
• Signals
• System Call
• Three-way comparison <=> (C++20)
• Structured binding declaration

• Heap and Stack, Memory Layout of C Programs
• Dynamic Memory Allocation in C
• Raw Pointers, Wild/Dangling, Memory Safety
• Smart Pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr, atomic smart pointers)
  • When to Use shared_ptr — 12 Concrete Patterns
  • Passing / Returning Smart Pointers to/from Functions
  • Smart Pointers as Class Members (PIMPL, getters, worked examples)
• Memory Alignment (alignas, alignof, cache lines, Eigen)
• Allocator
• Track Memory Allocations (overriding new operator)

• Containers
  • vector
  • lists
  • C arrays, std::array, std::span
  • set, map, pair, tuple, tie, unordered_map, multimap, unordered_set, multiset
  • Queue, Priority queue, deque, stack
• Iterator, for_each loop, range-for loop, Loop optimization
• Algorithms Library
• Ranges and Views (C++20)
• Execution Policies
• Hash Functions, Hash Data Structure (Hash Table)
• Comparator function objects: std::less, std::greater, std::not_fn (and the deprecated std::not1)

• String C/C++, string_view, string literal, string conversion, ASCII, Unicode
• String View
• Basic IO Operation, Streams, Reading/Writing Files, cin, scanf, gets, getline, printf
• std::format and std::print (C++20/23)
• File System
• Regex
• Pseudo-random Number Generation, Distributions
• Clock, Date, Time

• Process, Inter Process Communication (IPC), Process Tree, Process Control Block (PCB)
• Forking
• Multithreading — Overview
  • Creating and Terminating Threads (function pointer, member function, functor, lambda)
  • Joining and Detaching Threads
  • std::jthread and std::stop_token (C++20)
  • Hardware Concurrency and Oversubscription
  • Thread Identity, Sleeping, Yielding
  • Race Conditions vs Data Races
  • Mutex (std::scoped_lock, lock_guard, unique_lock)
  • Deadlock and How to Avoid It
  • Semaphores (counting, binary)
  • Condition Variables and Spurious Wakeups
  • std::future, std::async, std::promise, std::packaged_task
  • std::atomic, Memory Ordering, ABA Problem
  • Designing Thread-Safe Classes
• Atomic Operations and Atomic Types
• Coroutines (C++20)

• Templates, Expression Templates
• Concepts (C++20)
• Template Specialization, Tag Dispatch
• Variadic Templates Function
• Parameter Pack Expansion ...
• Substitution failure is not an error (SFINAE)
• Template argument deduction
• Type Traits
• Type Erasure
• Typedef, Type alias (using keyword)
• type_dispatch, integral_constant, true/false type
• Argument-dependent lookup (ADL)

• errno and std::error_code
• Exception Handling, noexcept
• Return, Abort, Exit, Throw, Terminate
• Stack Unwinding

• C++20 Modules
• C++ Translation Units
• Conditional Compilation From CMakeLists
• Printing List of All Included Headers
• fPIE (Position Independent Executable) and fPIC (Position Independent Code)

• Optional, Variant, Any — when to use which
  • Optional
  • Variant and std::visit
• Loading Classes Dynamically From Plugins
• Lexical Analyzer
• Tricky Questions
• Undefined behavior, Unspecified and Implementation-Defined
• Trivial, standard-layout, POD, and literal types

• Abstract Class Vs Interface
• Cast Base Class to Derived / Derived to Base
• Class Forward Declaration
• Object Initialization & Static Lifetime
  • Constructor Member Initializer Lists — declaration-order rule, latent bugs (worked example: src/class/constructor_initialization_list.cpp)
  • Aggregate / Brace Initialization
  • Copy Initialization
  • Direct Initialization
  • Default Initialization
  • Value Initialization
  • Zero Initialization
  • Uniform / List Initialization (C++11)
  • In-Class Member Initializers
  • std::initializer_list vs aggregate init
  • Static Member Functions, Static Initialization Order Fiasco
• Copy / Move semantics, Rule of 5, copy-and-swap, temporaries, shallow vs deep copy
• Cyclic (Circular) Dependency
• Default(=default), Deleted (=delete) Constructors
• Diamond Problem Virtual Inheritance
• Explicit Constructor, Converting Constructor
• Friend Functions
• Header Guard
• Inheritance, Inheritance Prevention (final)
• Multiple Inheritance Polymorphism
• Operator Overloading
• Object Slicing
• Passing Arguments To Parent Constructor
• Private Public Protected Inheritance
• Protected Friend Class Function
• Shadowing
• Special Member Functions
• Structs
• Virtual functions, abstract classes, virtual destructor, vtable / vptr

• Buffer overflow
• Curiously Recurring Template Pattern (CRTP)
• Copy Elision, Return value optimization (RVO, NRVO)
• Double Dispatch
• Most Vexing Parse
• Metaprogramming
• Pointer to implementation (PIMPL) — see also smart_pointers_class_member.md §3
• Return Type Resolver
• Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)
• Run-Time Type Information (RTTI)
• Stack overflow

• Optimizing C++ source files

• Compiler Explorer (godbolt.org)
• Sanitizers (ASan, TSan, UBSan, MSan, LSan)
• Memory Error Detection with AddressSanitizer and Valgrind
• Generating and Debugging Dump File
• Static analysis and linting with clang-tidy
• Running GitHub Actions locally with act (test CI before you push)

• CSV
• YAML
• JSON
• XML

• Monolithic Architecture vs REST API and Microservices
• REST APIs / Webhooks with cURL (libcurl)
• gRPC C++ (official)
• WebSockets with IXWebSocket
• WebRTC with libdatachannel
• GraphQL with cppgraphqlgen
• XML SOAP with tinyxml2 + cURL
• REST API with crow
• Mocking APIs with Mockoon

• Apache Kafka
• RabbitMQ (rabbitmq.com)

• spdlog (github.com/gabime/spdlog)

• Google Benchmark
• Tracy Profiler (github.com/wolfpld/tracy)

• Conan (docs.conan.io)
• vcpkg
• Chocolatey
• Winget

• Doxygen — API documentation, UML diagrams, GitHub Action integration
• CPack Packaging
• Semantic Versioning
• Getting Version From Git in CMake
• Getting Release Version From Git (check for update)

• Google C++ Style Guide
• isocpp Coding Standards
• Bjarne Stroustrup's C++ Style

• SOLID Principles in C++
• Design a Reusable Library
• API and ABI Design for C++ Libraries (versioning, symbol visibility, stable ABI)
• Exception Safety Guarantees (basic, strong, no-throw)
• Error Handling Strategies and Fault Tolerance (error codes, exceptions, std::expected, tl::expected)
• Dependency Injection and Inversion of Control
• Resource Management Patterns (RAII, scope guards, unique_resource)

• Object-Oriented Design Patterns (Factory, Singleton, Observer, Strategy, Visitor, Decorator, Adapter)
• Concurrency Patterns (Thread Pool, Producer-Consumer, Active Object, Reactor, Proactor)
  • Producer–Consumer: backpressure vs. drop
  • Latest-value (mailbox) buffer
  • Worked example: bounded queue vs. latest-value
  • Cross-process: ROS2 QoS mapping
• Event-Driven Architecture and State Machines (HSM, boost::sml)
• Pipeline and Dataflow Architectures

• Memory Management Strategies (Pool, Arena, Slab, Bump/Linear Allocators)
• Cache-Friendly Data Structures and Data-Oriented Design
• False Sharing, Cache Line Padding, NUMA Awareness
• Lock-Free Data Structures (SPSC/SPMC/MPMC, ring buffers, hazard pointers, RCU)
• Branch Prediction, Prefetching, and SIMD
• High-Performance Computing (HPC) Patterns (SPMD, fork-join, work stealing)

• Plugin Architecture and Dynamic Loading
• Modular Design with C++20 Modules and Build-System Architecture
• Serialization and Deserialization (Protobuf, FlatBuffers, Cap'n Proto, MessagePack)
• Inter-Process Communication and Shared Memory (mmap, Boost.Interprocess)
• Configuration Management (compile-time vs runtime, feature flags)

• Logging, Metrics, and Distributed Tracing (OpenTelemetry C++)
• Testing Strategies (mocking, fuzzing, property-based, contract testing)
• Designing for Testability (seams, dependency injection, fakes vs mocks)

• Real-Time Systems Design (deadlines, priority inversion, deterministic latency)
• Embedded Systems Design (no-heap, no-exceptions, freestanding C++)
• Game Engine Architecture (ECS, scene graphs, frame pacing)
• Distributed Systems Patterns in C++ (RPC, sharding, consensus, backpressure)

• tasks.json, settings.json, launch.json