databricks
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 
+# Profiling credentials
+examples/credentials.env
+
 # Created by https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore/api/python,macos
 # Edit at https://www.toptal.com/developers/gitignore?templates=python,macos
 

diff --git a/examples/PROFILING_README.md b/examples/PROFILING_README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# SET TAGS Profiling Scripts
+
+## Context
+
+These scripts measure the performance of two approaches for managing tags on Databricks tables and columns:
+
+**Approach A (direct ALTER)**: Call `ALTER TABLE SET TAGS` or `ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN SET TAGS` directly, overwriting any existing tags without reading them first. SET TAGS is idempotent — setting the same key overwrites the value.
+
+**Approach B (read then write)**: First query `system.information_schema.column_tags` or `system.information_schema.table_tags` to read existing tags, compute a diff, then issue ALTERs only for changes.
+
+The goal is to determine whether the information_schema read step is worth the cost, or whether direct ALTER is faster even though it may redundantly set unchanged tags.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+- Python 3.x with `databricks-sql-connector` installed (`pip install -e .` from repo root)
+- A Databricks SQL warehouse
+- 64 tables (`table1` through `table64`) with 128 STRING columns each. Create them by running `profile_column_tags.py` without `--skip-setup`.
+- Credentials in `examples/credentials.env` (gitignored). Copy and edit:
+
+```bash
+cp examples/credentials.env.example examples/credentials.env
+# Edit credentials.env with your workspace details
+```
+
+The file format is:
+```
+SERVER_HOSTNAME=your-workspace.cloud.databricks.com
+HTTP_PATH=/sql/1.0/warehouses/your_warehouse_id
+ACCESS_TOKEN=your_token
+CATALOG=your_catalog
+SCHEMA=your_schema
+```
+
+All scripts read from this file via `load_credentials.py`. To switch workspaces, just edit `credentials.env`.
+
+## Scripts
+
+### profile_column_tags.py — Direct ALTER column tags
+
+Sets tags on columns directly via ALTER statements. No information_schema reads.
+
+```bash
+# Create tables + validate
+python examples/profile_column_tags.py --columns 1 --tags 1 --threads 1 --iterations 1 --validate
+
+# Full experiment: 100 columns, 9 tags each, 8 threads, 3 iterations
+python examples/profile_column_tags.py --columns 100 --tags 9 --threads 8 --iterations 3 --skip-setup
+```
+
+Arguments:
+- `--columns`: Number of columns to tag per table
+- `--tags`: Number of tags per ALTER command
+- `--threads`: Concurrent connections
+- `--iterations`: Times to repeat the full 64-table sweep
+- `--skip-setup`: Skip table creation
+- `--validate`: Force 1 iteration for quick validation
+
+Output: `examples/results/column_tags/`
+
+### profile_table_tags.py — Direct ALTER table tags
+
+Sets tags on tables directly via ALTER statements. One ALTER per table.
+
+```bash
+python examples/profile_table_tags.py --tags 1 --threads 8 --iterations 3
+```
+
+Arguments:
+- `--tags`: Number of tags per ALTER command
+- `--threads`: Concurrent connections
+- `--iterations`: Times to repeat the full 64-table sweep
+- `--validate`: Force 1 iteration
+
+Output: `examples/results/table_tags/`
+
+### profile_read_then_write_tags.py — information_schema column_tags SELECT
+
+Queries `system.information_schema.column_tags` for each table. No ALTER — measures the read cost only.
+
+```bash
+python examples/profile_read_then_write_tags.py --threads 1 --iterations 3
+```
+
+Arguments:
+- `--threads`: Concurrent connections
+- `--iterations`: Times to repeat the full 64-table sweep
+- `--validate`: Force 1 iteration
+
+Output: `examples/results/read_then_write/`
+
+### profile_read_then_write_table_tags.py — information_schema table_tags SELECT
+
+Queries `system.information_schema.table_tags` for each table. No ALTER — measures the read cost only.
+
+```bash
+python examples/profile_read_then_write_table_tags.py --threads 1 --iterations 3
+```
+
+Arguments:
+- `--threads`: Concurrent connections
+- `--iterations`: Times to repeat the full 64-table sweep
+- `--validate`: Force 1 iteration
+
+Output: `examples/results/read_then_write_table_tags/`
+
+### cleanup_column_tags.py — Remove all tags
+
+Removes all column tags and table tags from all 64 tables using 32 threads. Run this to reset state between experiments.
+
+```bash
+python examples/cleanup_column_tags.py
+```
+
+### plot_comparison.py — Generate charts
+
+Reads all report files and generates comparison charts as PNGs.
+
+```bash
+pip install matplotlib
+python examples/plot_comparison.py
+```
+
+Output:
+- `examples/results/comparison_column_tags.png` — column tags: ALTER vs info_schema
+- `examples/results/comparison_table_tags.png` — table tags: ALTER vs info_schema
+
+Each PNG has 4 charts: wall-clock time, throughput, P50 latency, P99 latency, all plotted against thread count.
+
+## Running the definitive experiment
+
+```bash
+# Step 1: Create tables (once)
+python examples/profile_column_tags.py --columns 1 --tags 1 --threads 1 --iterations 1 --validate
+
+# Step 2: Run info_schema reads across thread counts
+# Stop early if latency is already unacceptable
+for n in 1 2 4 8 16 32 64; do
+  python examples/profile_read_then_write_tags.py --threads $n --iterations 3
+done
+
+# Step 3: Run direct ALTERs across thread counts
+for n in 1 2 4 8 16 32 64; do
+  python examples/profile_column_tags.py --columns 100 --tags 9 --threads $n --iterations 3 --skip-setup
+done
+
+# Step 4: Generate charts
+python examples/plot_comparison.py
+```
+
+## Connector instrumentation
+
+The scripts capture retry behavior via `[PROFILE]` log lines added to the connector:
+- `src/databricks/sql/backend/thrift_backend.py` — logs per-attempt timing, success, statement IDs, and retry sleeps in `make_request()`
+- `src/databricks/sql/auth/retry.py` — logs urllib3-level retry decisions (`should_retry`) and sleep durations with HTTP status codes, Thrift method names, and SQL text
+
+These are written to `*_retries.log` files alongside each report. Use `grep "[PROFILE]"` to filter.
+
+## Output structure
+
+Each script run produces three files:
+- `*_report.md` — Markdown report with latency percentiles, throughput, error analysis, retry analysis
+- `*_data.jsonl` — Raw per-operation data (one JSON line per ALTER or SELECT)
+- `*_retries.log` — Full connector debug logs with `[PROFILE]` instrumentation
+
+## Key finding
+
+On Azure workspaces, `system.information_schema.column_tags` queries can take 60-110 seconds under concurrency due to server-side queuing (visible as repeated `GetOperationStatus` polling in logs). Direct ALTER SET TAGS consistently completes in ~500ms regardless of concurrency. The information_schema read alone is slower than performing all the writes it was meant to optimize.
diff --git a/examples/cleanup_column_tags.py b/examples/cleanup_column_tags.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Remove all column tags and table tags from all 64 tables using 32 threads."""
+
+import sys
+from collections import defaultdict
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+
+sys.stdout.reconfigure(line_buffering=True)
+
+import urllib3
+urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
+
+from databricks import sql
+from load_credentials import load_credentials
+
+_creds = load_credentials()
+SERVER_HOSTNAME = _creds["SERVER_HOSTNAME"]
+HTTP_PATH = _creds["HTTP_PATH"]
+ACCESS_TOKEN = _creds["ACCESS_TOKEN"]
+CATALOG = _creds["CATALOG"]
+SCHEMA = _creds["SCHEMA"]
+
+NUM_TABLES = 64
+NUM_THREADS = 32
+
+
+def cleanup_table(table_name):
+    table_fqn = f"`{CATALOG}`.`{SCHEMA}`.{table_name}"
+    total_removed = 0
+
+    with sql.connect(
+        server_hostname=SERVER_HOSTNAME,
+        http_path=HTTP_PATH,
+        access_token=ACCESS_TOKEN,
+        _tls_no_verify=True,
+        enable_telemetry=False,
+    ) as conn:
+        with conn.cursor() as cursor:
+            # --- Clean up column tags ---
+            cursor.execute(
+                f"SELECT column_name, tag_name FROM system.information_schema.column_tags "
+                f"WHERE catalog_name = '{CATALOG}' AND schema_name = '{SCHEMA}' AND table_name = '{table_name}'"
+            )
+            col_rows = cursor.fetchall()
+
+            if col_rows:
+                col_tags = defaultdict(list)
+                for row in col_rows:
+                    col_tags[row[0]].append(row[1])
+
+                for col, tags in col_tags.items():
+                    tag_list = ", ".join(f"'{tag}'" for tag in tags)
+                    cursor.execute(f"ALTER TABLE {table_fqn} ALTER COLUMN {col} UNSET TAGS ({tag_list})")
+
+                total_removed += len(col_rows)
+
+            # --- Clean up table tags ---
+            cursor.execute(
+                f"SELECT tag_name FROM system.information_schema.table_tags "
+                f"WHERE catalog_name = '{CATALOG}' AND schema_name = '{SCHEMA}' AND table_name = '{table_name}'"
+            )
+            tbl_rows = cursor.fetchall()
+
+            if tbl_rows:
+                tag_list = ", ".join(f"'{row[0]}'" for row in tbl_rows)
+                cursor.execute(f"ALTER TABLE {table_fqn} UNSET TAGS ({tag_list})")
+                total_removed += len(tbl_rows)
+
+            print(f"{table_name}: removed {len(col_rows)} column tags, {len(tbl_rows)} table tags")
+            return total_removed
+
+
+total_removed = 0
+with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=NUM_THREADS) as executor:
+    futures = {
+        executor.submit(cleanup_table, f"table{t}"): t
+        for t in range(1, NUM_TABLES + 1)
+    }
+    for f in as_completed(futures):
+        total_removed += f.result()
+
+print(f"\nDone. Removed {total_removed} total tags (column + table).")
diff --git a/examples/credentials.env.example b/examples/credentials.env.example
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# SET TAGS Profiling — Workspace Credentials
+# Copy this file to credentials.env and fill in your values.
+# credentials.env is gitignored and will not be committed.
+
+SERVER_HOSTNAME=your-workspace.cloud.databricks.com
+HTTP_PATH=/sql/1.0/warehouses/your_warehouse_id
+ACCESS_TOKEN=your_access_token
+CATALOG=your_catalog
+SCHEMA=your_schema
diff --git a/examples/load_credentials.py b/examples/load_credentials.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+"""Load credentials from examples/credentials.env"""
+
+import os
+
+
+def load_credentials(env_path=None):
+    """Read credentials.env and return a dict of key=value pairs."""
+    if env_path is None:
+        env_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "credentials.env")
+
+    if not os.path.exists(env_path):
+        raise FileNotFoundError(
+            f"Credentials file not found: {env_path}\n"
+            f"Copy examples/credentials.env.example to examples/credentials.env and fill in your values."
+        )
+
+    creds = {}
+    with open(env_path) as f:
+        for line in f:
+            line = line.strip()
+            if not line or line.startswith("#"):
+                continue
+            key, _, value = line.partition("=")
+            creds[key.strip()] = value.strip()
+
+    required = ["SERVER_HOSTNAME", "HTTP_PATH", "ACCESS_TOKEN", "CATALOG", "SCHEMA"]
+    missing = [k for k in required if k not in creds]
+    if missing:
+        raise ValueError(f"Missing required credentials: {', '.join(missing)}")
+
+    return creds