diff --git a/ci/mypy-stubtest-allowlist.txt b/ci/mypy-stubtest-allowlist.txt
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ matplotlib\.ticker\.LogitLocator\.nonsingular
 # Stdlib/Enum considered inconsistent (no fault of ours, I don't think)
 matplotlib\.backend_bases\._Mode\.__new__
 
-# pybind11 internals
-matplotlib\..*\.__pybind11_native_enum__
+# nanobind internals
+matplotlib\..*\.__nb_enum__
 
 # 3.6 Pending deprecations
 matplotlib\.figure\.Figure\.set_constrained_layout

diff --git a/extern/agg24-svn/include/agg_color_rgba.h b/extern/agg24-svn/include/agg_color_rgba.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #define AGG_COLOR_RGBA_INCLUDED
 
 #include <math.h>
+#include <array>
 #include "agg_basics.h"
 #include "agg_gamma_lut.h"
 

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/_tri.pyi b/lib/matplotlib/_tri.pyi
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ class Triangulation:
         x: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
         y: npt.NDArray[np.float64],
         triangles: npt.NDArray[np.int_],
-        mask: npt.NDArray[np.bool_] | tuple[()],
-        edges: npt.NDArray[np.int_] | tuple[()],
-        neighbors: npt.NDArray[np.int_] | tuple[()],
+        mask: npt.NDArray[np.bool_] | None,
+        edges: npt.NDArray[np.int_] | None,
+        neighbors: npt.NDArray[np.int_] | None,
         correct_triangle_orientation: bool,
     ): ...
     def calculate_plane_coefficients(self, z: npt.ArrayLike) -> npt.NDArray[np.float64]: ...
     def get_edges(self) -> npt.NDArray[np.int_]: ...
     def get_neighbors(self) -> npt.NDArray[np.int_]: ...
-    def set_mask(self, mask: npt.NDArray[np.bool_] | tuple[()]) -> None: ...
+    def set_mask(self, mask: npt.NDArray[np.bool_] | None) -> None: ...
diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_ft2font.py b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_ft2font.py
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ def test_ft2font_invalid_args(tmp_path):
     file = fm.findfont('DejaVu Sans')
 
     # hinting_factor argument.
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible constructor arguments'):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible function arguments'):
         ft2font.FT2Font(file, 1.3)
     with pytest.warns(mpl.MatplotlibDeprecationWarning,
                       match='text.hinting_factor rcParam was deprecated .+ 3.11'):
@@ -221,14 +221,14 @@ def test_ft2font_invalid_args(tmp_path):
                       match='The hinting_factor parameter was deprecated'):
         ft2font.FT2Font(file, 0)
 
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible constructor arguments'):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible function arguments'):
         # failing to be a list will fail before the 0
         ft2font.FT2Font(file, _fallback_list=(0,))
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible constructor arguments'):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible function arguments'):
         ft2font.FT2Font(file, _fallback_list=[0])
 
     # kerning_factor argument.
-    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible constructor arguments'):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match='incompatible function arguments'):
         ft2font.FT2Font(file, _kerning_factor=1.3)
     with pytest.warns(mpl.MatplotlibDeprecationWarning,
                       match='text.kerning_factor rcParam was deprecated .+ 3.11'):
@@ -1077,31 +1077,6 @@ def test__layout():
                 assert Path(item.ft_object.fname).name == 'cmr10.ttf'
 
 
-def test_render_glyph_cache():
-    # Reusing a cached outline must not change what is rendered.
-    ft = fm.get_font(fm.findfont('DejaVu Sans'))
-    ft.set_size(12, 100)
-    index = ft.get_char_index(ord('e'))
-    identity = [[0x10000, 0], [0, 0x10000]]
-
-    def render(delta=(0, 0)):
-        ft._set_transform(identity, list(delta))
-        return ft._render_glyph(index, ft2font.LoadFlags.DEFAULT,
-                                ft2font.RenderMode.NORMAL)
-
-    first = render()
-    reference = first.buffer.copy()
-    # A whole-pixel shift reuses the outline and only moves the glyph.
-    shifted = render(delta=(0x40 * 3, 0x40 * 5))
-    assert np.array_equal(shifted.buffer, reference)
-    assert (shifted.left, shifted.top) == (first.left + 3, first.top + 5)
-    # A fractional shift must reach the rasterizer rather than be rounded away.
-    assert not np.array_equal(render(delta=(0x20, 0x20)).buffer, reference)
-    # The size is part of the key.
-    ft.set_size(24, 100)
-    assert render().buffer.shape != reference.shape
-
-
 def test_layout_cache():
     # A cached layout must match a fresh one, and the size is part of the key.
     ft = fm.get_font(fm.findfont('DejaVu Sans'))

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_image.py b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_image.py
@@ -1671,12 +1671,12 @@ def test__resample_valid_output():
         resample(np.zeros((9, 9, 4)), np.zeros((9, 9, 3)))
     with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="mismatched types"):
         resample(np.zeros((9, 9), np.uint8), np.zeros((9, 9)))
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must be C-contiguous"):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="incompatible function arguments"):
         resample(np.zeros((9, 9)), np.zeros((9, 9)).T)
 
     out = np.zeros((9, 9))
     out.flags.writeable = False
-    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Output array must be writeable"):
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="incompatible function arguments"):
         resample(np.zeros((9, 9)), out)
 
 

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_triangulation.py b/lib/matplotlib/tests/test_triangulation.py
@@ -1190,63 +1190,68 @@ def test_internal_cpp_api() -> None:
     # C++ Triangulation.
     with pytest.raises(
             TypeError,
-            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible constructor arguments.'):
+            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible function arguments.'):
         mpl._tri.Triangulation()  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match=r'x and y must be 1D arrays of the same length'):
-        mpl._tri.Triangulation(np.array([]), np.array([1]), np.array([[]]), (), (), (),
-                               False)
+        mpl._tri.Triangulation(np.array([]), np.array([1]), np.array([[]]),
+                               None, None, None, False)
 
     x = np.array([0, 1, 1], dtype=np.float64)
     y = np.array([0, 0, 1], dtype=np.float64)
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError,
             match=r'triangles must be a 2D array of shape \(\?,3\)'):
-        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, np.array([[0, 1]]), (), (), (), False)
+        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, np.array([[0, 1]]), None, None, None, False)
 
     tris = np.array([[0, 1, 2]], dtype=np.int_)
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError,
             match=r'mask must be a 1D array with the same length as the '
                   r'triangles array'):
-        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, np.array([0, 1]), (), (), False)
+        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, np.array([0, 1]), None, None, False)
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError, match=r'edges must be a 2D array with shape \(\?,2\)'):
-        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, (), np.array([[1]]), (), False)
+        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, None, np.array([[1]]), None, False)
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError,
             match=r'neighbors must be a 2D array with the same shape as the '
                   r'triangles array'):
-        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, (), (), np.array([[-1]]), False)
+        mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, None, None, np.array([[-1]]), False)
 
-    triang = mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, (), (), (), False)
+    triang = mpl._tri.Triangulation(x, y, tris, None, None, None, False)
+
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r': incompatible function arguments'):
+        triang.calculate_plane_coefficients([])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     with pytest.raises(
             ValueError,
             match=r'z must be a 1D array with the same length as the '
                   r'triangulation x and y arrays'):
-        triang.calculate_plane_coefficients([])
+        triang.calculate_plane_coefficients(np.empty(0))
 
-    for mask in ([0, 1], None):
-        with pytest.raises(
-                ValueError,
-                match=r'mask must be a 1D array with the same length as the '
-                      r'triangles array'):
-            triang.set_mask(mask)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r': incompatible function arguments'):
+        triang.set_mask([])  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    with pytest.raises(
+            ValueError,
+            match=r'mask must be a 1D array with the same length as the '
+                  r'triangles array'):
+        triang.set_mask(np.asarray([0, 1]))  # type: ignore[arg-type]
 
     triang.set_mask(np.array([True]))
     assert_array_equal(triang.get_edges(), np.empty((0, 2)))
 
-    triang.set_mask(())  # Equivalent to Python Triangulation mask=None
+    triang.set_mask(None)
     assert_array_equal(triang.get_edges(), [[1, 0], [2, 0], [2, 1]])
 
     # C++ TriContourGenerator.
     with pytest.raises(
             TypeError,
-            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible constructor arguments.'):
+            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible function arguments.'):
         mpl._tri.TriContourGenerator()  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
     with pytest.raises(
@@ -1264,7 +1269,7 @@ def test_internal_cpp_api() -> None:
     # C++ TrapezoidMapTriFinder.
     with pytest.raises(
             TypeError,
-            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible constructor arguments.'):
+            match=r'__init__\(\): incompatible function arguments.'):
         mpl._tri.TrapezoidMapTriFinder()  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
     trifinder = mpl._tri.TrapezoidMapTriFinder(triang)

diff --git a/lib/matplotlib/tri/_triangulation.py b/lib/matplotlib/tri/_triangulation.py
@@ -57,7 +57,8 @@ def __init__(self, x, y, triangles=None, mask=None):
         if triangles is None:
             # No triangulation specified, so use matplotlib._qhull to obtain
             # Delaunay triangulation.
-            self.triangles, self._neighbors = _qhull.delaunay(x, y, sys.flags.verbose)
+            self.triangles, self._neighbors = _qhull.delaunay(self.x, self.y,
+                                                              sys.flags.verbose)
             self.is_delaunay = True
         else:
             # Triangulation specified. Copy, since we may correct triangle
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ def calculate_plane_coefficients(self, z):
         position in triangle tri to be calculated using
         ``z = array[tri, 0] * x  + array[tri, 1] * y + array[tri, 2]``.
         """
+        z = np.asarray(z, dtype=np.float64)
         return self.get_cpp_triangulation().calculate_plane_coefficients(z)
 
     @property
@@ -122,11 +124,11 @@ def get_cpp_triangulation(self):
         from matplotlib import _tri
         if self._cpp_triangulation is None:
             self._cpp_triangulation = _tri.Triangulation(
-                # For unset arrays use empty tuple which has size of zero.
+                # For unset arrays use None
                 self.x, self.y, self.triangles,
-                self.mask if self.mask is not None else (),
-                self._edges if self._edges is not None else (),
-                self._neighbors if self._neighbors is not None else (),
+                self.mask,
+                self._edges,
+                self._neighbors,
                 not self.is_delaunay)
         return self._cpp_triangulation
 
@@ -235,8 +237,7 @@ def set_mask(self, mask):
 
         # Set mask in C++ Triangulation.
         if self._cpp_triangulation is not None:
-            self._cpp_triangulation.set_mask(
-                self.mask if self.mask is not None else ())
+            self._cpp_triangulation.set_mask(self.mask)
 
         # Clear derived fields so they are recalculated when needed.
         self._edges = None

diff --git a/meson.build b/meson.build
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ py3 = py_mod.find_installation(pure: false)
 py3_dep = py3.dependency()
 
 pybind11_dep = dependency('pybind11', version: '>=3')
+nanobind_dep = declare_dependency(
+  dependencies: dependency('nanobind'),
+  compile_args: ['-DNOMINMAX'],
+)
 
 subdir('extern')
 subdir('src')

diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ requires = [
     # you really need it and aren't using an sdist.
     "meson-python>=0.13.2,!=0.17.*",
     "pybind11>=3",
+    "nanobind",
     # setuptools_scm 10 breaks versioning in editable installs. You can remove this pin
     # if you're a downstream distributor just building wheels or your equivalent.
     "setuptools_scm>=7,<10",
@@ -81,6 +82,7 @@ build = [
     # Should be the same as `[build-system] requires` above.
     "meson-python>=0.13.1,!=0.17.*",
     "pybind11>=3",
+    "nanobind",
     "setuptools_scm>=7,<10",
     # Not required by us but setuptools_scm without a version, so _if_
     # installed, then setuptools_scm 8 requires at least this version.