modelcontextprotocol
diff --git a/docs/client/oauth-clients.md b/docs/client/oauth-clients.md
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ A nightly job, a CI step, another service. There is no browser and nobody to cli
 What changed:
 
 * No `OAuthClientMetadata`, no handlers. You pass `client_id` and `client_secret`; the provider builds a minimal `client_credentials` registration around them and skips dynamic registration entirely.
-* `scope` is a space-separated string, the OAuth wire format.
+* `scope` is a space-separated string, the OAuth wire format. It is the fallback: a scope the server names in its `WWW-Authenticate` challenge or its protected-resource `scopes_supported` takes precedence.
 * Everything downstream is identical: the same `TokenStorage`, the same `httpx2.AsyncClient(auth=...)`, the same `streamable_http_client`.
 
 By default the secret travels as HTTP Basic auth on the token request (`client_secret_basic`). Pass `token_endpoint_auth_method="client_secret_post"` to put it in the form body instead. Some authorization servers only accept one of the two.

diff --git a/docs/migration.md b/docs/migration.md
@@ -1991,6 +1991,13 @@ ClientCredentialsOAuthProvider(..., scopes="read write")
 ClientCredentialsOAuthProvider(..., scope="read write")
 ```
 
+### Scope selection follows the spec's chain, with the configured scope as the fallback
+
+The client selects the scope to request from the `WWW-Authenticate` challenge, then the protected resource's `scopes_supported`, then the scope the caller configured on the provider (`ClientCredentialsOAuthProvider(scope=...)`, `PrivateKeyJWTOAuthProvider(scope=...)`, or `OAuthClientMetadata(scope=...)`), and otherwise omits it. Two v1 behaviours changed:
+
+* The configured scope is now requested when the server publishes no scopes (its `scopes_supported` absent or empty). v1 silently dropped it and sent the token request scope-less. If a strict authorization server now answers `invalid_scope` for a configured scope it does not allowlist, drop or correct the `scope=` argument.
+* The authorization server's `scopes_supported` no longer supplies the requested scope. When the protected resource metadata was absent or omitted `scopes_supported`, v1 requested that entire list — the server's whole catalog rather than what the resource needs. If you relied on it, configure the scope on the provider explicitly. The list is still consulted to decide whether `offline_access` may be added ([SEP-2207](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2207)), but that append needs a base scope: a flow whose only scope source was the authorization server's list now also sends no `offline_access` and so receives no refresh token — configure the scope on the provider to keep requesting one.
-* The authorization server's `scopes_supported` no longer supplies the requested scope. When the protected resource metadata was absent or omitted `scopes_supported`, v1 requested that entire list — the server's whole catalog rather than what the resource needs. If you relied on it, configure the scope on the provider explicitly. The list is still consulted to decide whether `offline_access` may be added ([SEP-2207](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2207)), but that append needs a base scope: a flow whose only scope source was the authorization server's list now also sends no `offline_access` and so receives no refresh token — configure the scope on the provider to keep requesting one.
+* The authorization server's `scopes_supported` no longer supplies the requested scope. When the protected resource metadata was absent or omitted `scopes_supported`, v1 requested that entire list — the server's whole catalog rather than what the resource needs. If you relied on it, configure the scope on the provider explicitly. The list is still consulted to decide whether `offline_access` may be added ([SEP-2207](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2207)), but that append needs a base scope: a flow whose only scope source was the authorization server's list now also sends no `offline_access`, which can prevent a refresh token from being issued — configure the scope on the provider to keep requesting one.
-* The authorization server's `scopes_supported` no longer supplies the requested scope. When the protected resource metadata was absent or omitted `scopes_supported`, v1 requested that entire list — the server's whole catalog rather than what the resource needs. If you relied on it, configure the scope on the provider explicitly. The list is still consulted to decide whether `offline_access` may be added ([SEP-2207](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2207)), but that append needs a base scope: a flow whose only scope source was the authorization server's list now also sends no `offline_access` and so receives no refresh token — configure the scope on the provider to keep requesting one.
+* The authorization server's `scopes_supported` no longer supplies the requested scope. When the protected resource metadata was absent or omitted `scopes_supported`, v1 requested that entire list — the server's whole catalog rather than what the resource needs. If you relied on it, configure the scope on the provider explicitly. The list is still consulted to decide whether `offline_access` may be added ([SEP-2207](https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol/pull/2207)), but that append needs a base scope: a flow whose only scope source was the authorization server's list now also sends no `offline_access`, which can prevent a refresh token from being issued — configure the scope on the provider to keep requesting one.
+
 ### Client rejects authorization server metadata with a mismatched `issuer`
 
 During OAuth discovery, `OAuthClientProvider` now validates that the authorization server

diff --git a/src/mcp/client/auth/extensions/client_credentials.py b/src/mcp/client/auth/extensions/client_credentials.py
@@ -57,7 +57,9 @@ def __init__(
             client_secret: The OAuth client secret.
             token_endpoint_auth_method: Authentication method for token endpoint.
                 Either "client_secret_basic" (default) or "client_secret_post".
-            scope: Optional space-separated list of scopes to request.
+            scope: Optional space-separated list of scopes to request. Used when the server
+                advertises no scopes; a scope from the `WWW-Authenticate` challenge or the
+                protected resource's `scopes_supported` takes precedence.
         """
         # Build minimal client_metadata for the base class
         client_metadata = OAuthClientMetadata(
@@ -271,7 +273,9 @@ def __init__(
                 `SignedJWTParameters.create_assertion_provider()` for SDK-signed JWTs,
                 `static_assertion_provider()` for pre-built JWTs, or provide your own
                 callback for workload identity federation.
-            scope: Optional space-separated list of scopes to request.
+            scope: Optional space-separated list of scopes to request. Used when the server
+                advertises no scopes; a scope from the `WWW-Authenticate` challenge or the
+                protected resource's `scopes_supported` takes precedence.
         """
         # Build minimal client_metadata for the base class
         client_metadata = OAuthClientMetadata(

diff --git a/src/mcp/client/auth/oauth2.py b/src/mcp/client/auth/oauth2.py
@@ -106,6 +106,11 @@ class OAuthContext:
     timeout: float = 300.0
     client_metadata_url: str | None = None
 
+    # The scope the caller configured on the provider, kept separate from
+    # client_metadata.scope: discovery overwrites the latter, and this survives
+    # as the fallback when the server advertises no scopes.
+    configured_scope: str | None = None
+
     # Discovered metadata
     protected_resource_metadata: ProtectedResourceMetadata | None = None
     oauth_metadata: OAuthMetadata | None = None
@@ -267,12 +272,15 @@ def __init__(
 
         self.context = OAuthContext(
             server_url=server_url,
-            client_metadata=client_metadata,
+            # The flow writes its selected scope into client_metadata, so work on a copy
+            # rather than mutating the caller's model out from under them.
+            client_metadata=client_metadata.model_copy(),
             storage=storage,
             redirect_handler=redirect_handler,
             callback_handler=callback_handler,
             timeout=timeout,
             client_metadata_url=client_metadata_url,
+            configured_scope=client_metadata.scope,
         )
         self._validate_resource_url_callback = validate_resource_url
         self._initialized = False
@@ -643,6 +651,7 @@ async def async_auth_flow(self, request: httpx2.Request) -> AsyncGenerator[httpx
                         self.context.protected_resource_metadata,
                         self.context.oauth_metadata,
                         self.context.client_metadata.grant_types,
+                        self.context.configured_scope,
                     )
 
                     # Step 4: Register client or use URL-based client ID (CIMD)
@@ -717,6 +726,7 @@ async def async_auth_flow(self, request: httpx2.Request) -> AsyncGenerator[httpx
                             self.context.protected_resource_metadata,
                             self.context.oauth_metadata,
                             self.context.client_metadata.grant_types,
+                            self.context.configured_scope,
                         )
                         granted_scope = self.context.current_tokens.scope if self.context.current_tokens else None
                         prior_scope = union_scopes(self.context.client_metadata.scope, granted_scope)

diff --git a/src/mcp/client/auth/utils.py b/src/mcp/client/auth/utils.py
@@ -95,26 +95,37 @@ def build_protected_resource_metadata_discovery_urls(www_auth_url: str | None, s
     return urls
 
 
+def _join_scopes(scopes: list[str] | None) -> str | None:
+    """Join a scope list into the space-separated wire format; an empty or absent list is None."""
+    return " ".join(scopes) if scopes else None
+
+
 def get_client_metadata_scopes(
     www_authenticate_scope: str | None,
     protected_resource_metadata: ProtectedResourceMetadata | None,
     authorization_server_metadata: OAuthMetadata | None = None,
     client_grant_types: list[str] | None = None,
+    configured_scope: str | None = None,
 ) -> str | None:
-    """Select effective scopes and augment for refresh token support."""
-    selected_scope: str | None = None
+    """Select effective scopes and augment for refresh token support.
 
-    # MCP spec scope selection priority:
+    Follows the spec's scope-selection strategy, with the scope the caller configured on the
+    provider as an SDK fallback beneath it. A source that yields no scopes (absent or an empty
+    list) offers no guidance, so selection falls through to the next source. The authorization
+    server's `scopes_supported` is its catalog, not what this resource needs, so it never
+    supplies the requested scope; it is consulted only for `offline_access` support below.
+    """
+    # Scope selection priority (spec, then SDK fallback):
     #   1. WWW-Authenticate header scope
     #   2. PRM scopes_supported
-    #   3. AS scopes_supported (SDK fallback)
+    #   3. Scope the caller configured on the provider (SDK fallback)
     #   4. Omit scope parameter
-    if www_authenticate_scope is not None:
-        selected_scope = www_authenticate_scope
-    elif protected_resource_metadata is not None and protected_resource_metadata.scopes_supported is not None:
-        selected_scope = " ".join(protected_resource_metadata.scopes_supported)
-    elif authorization_server_metadata is not None and authorization_server_metadata.scopes_supported is not None:
-        selected_scope = " ".join(authorization_server_metadata.scopes_supported)
+    selected_scope = (
+        www_authenticate_scope
+        or _join_scopes(protected_resource_metadata.scopes_supported if protected_resource_metadata else None)
+        or configured_scope
+        or None
+    )
 
     # SEP-2207: append offline_access when the AS supports it and the client can use refresh tokens
     if (

diff --git a/tests/client/test_auth.py b/tests/client/test_auth.py
@@ -2456,9 +2456,8 @@ def test_offline_access_not_added_when_no_scopes_selected(self):
             authorization_server_metadata=asm,
             client_grant_types=["authorization_code", "refresh_token"],
         )
-        # When AS scopes are the only source and include offline_access,
-        # the base scope is "offline_access" and no duplication happens
-        assert scopes == "offline_access"
+        # The AS catalog never supplies the requested scope, so no base scope is selected.
+        assert scopes is None
 
     def test_offline_access_not_added_when_as_scopes_supported_is_none(self):
         """offline_access is not added when AS scopes_supported is None."""
@@ -2797,6 +2796,90 @@ def test_union_scopes(previous: str | None, new: str | None, expected: str | Non
     assert union_scopes(previous, new) == expected
 
 
+def test_configured_scope_is_the_fallback_when_the_server_advertises_no_scopes():
+    """The scope the caller set on the provider is requested when discovery yields no scopes.
+
+    SDK-defined tier below the spec's chain; without it the configured scope was silently dropped.
+    """
+    prm = ProtectedResourceMetadata(
+        resource=AnyHttpUrl("https://api.example.com/v1/mcp"),
+        authorization_servers=[AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com")],
+        scopes_supported=None,
+    )
+
+    scopes = get_client_metadata_scopes(
+        www_authenticate_scope=None,
+        protected_resource_metadata=prm,
+        authorization_server_metadata=None,
+        configured_scope="user",
+    )
+
+    assert scopes == "user"
+
+
+def test_advertised_scopes_take_precedence_over_the_configured_scope():
+    """Server-advertised scopes (here PRM) win over the caller-configured fallback."""
+    prm = ProtectedResourceMetadata(
+        resource=AnyHttpUrl("https://api.example.com/v1/mcp"),
+        authorization_servers=[AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com")],
+        scopes_supported=["read"],
+    )
+
+    scopes = get_client_metadata_scopes(
+        www_authenticate_scope=None,
+        protected_resource_metadata=prm,
+        authorization_server_metadata=None,
+        configured_scope="user",
+    )
+
+    assert scopes == "read"
+
+
+def test_empty_scopes_supported_falls_through_to_the_configured_scope_not_the_as_catalog():
+    """An empty PRM scopes_supported offers no guidance, so the configured scope is requested.
+
+    The authorization server's scopes_supported is its catalog rather than what the resource
+    needs, so it never supplies the requested scope and cannot widen the request beyond the
+    caller's configuration.
+    """
+    prm = ProtectedResourceMetadata(
+        resource=AnyHttpUrl("https://api.example.com/v1/mcp"),
+        authorization_servers=[AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com")],
+        scopes_supported=[],
+    )
+    asm = OAuthMetadata(
+        issuer=AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com"),
+        authorization_endpoint=AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com/authorize"),
+        token_endpoint=AnyHttpUrl("https://auth.example.com/token"),
+        scopes_supported=["read", "write", "admin"],
+    )
+
+    scopes = get_client_metadata_scopes(
+        www_authenticate_scope=None,
+        protected_resource_metadata=prm,
+        authorization_server_metadata=asm,
+        configured_scope="user",
+    )
+
+    assert scopes == "user"
+
+
+def test_provider_does_not_mutate_the_callers_client_metadata(mock_storage: MockTokenStorage):
+    """Scope selection is written to the provider's own copy of the metadata, never the caller's model.
+
+    Two providers built from one metadata object each snapshot the caller's configured scope,
+    so scopes discovered by the first cannot leak into the second's fallback tier.
+    """
+    metadata = OAuthClientMetadata(redirect_uris=[AnyUrl("http://localhost:3030/callback")], scope="user")
+
+    first = OAuthClientProvider(server_url="https://a.example.com/mcp", client_metadata=metadata, storage=mock_storage)
+    first.context.client_metadata.scope = "discovered read write"
+    second = OAuthClientProvider(server_url="https://b.example.com/mcp", client_metadata=metadata, storage=mock_storage)
+
+    assert metadata.scope == "user"
+    assert second.context.configured_scope == "user"
+
+
 def test_credentials_match_issuer_same_issuer():
     info = OAuthClientInformationFull(client_id="c", redirect_uris=[AnyUrl("http://localhost/cb")], issuer="https://as")
     assert credentials_match_issuer(info, "https://as", None) is True

diff --git a/tests/interaction/_requirements.py b/tests/interaction/_requirements.py
@@ -3798,9 +3798,10 @@ def __post_init__(self) -> None:
         note="OAuth is HTTP-only.",
         divergence=Divergence(
             note=(
-                "The SDK inserts an extra fallback step between PRM and omit: if the authorization "
-                "server metadata advertises scopes_supported, that list is used (client/auth/utils.py). "
-                "This is beyond the spec's two-step chain."
+                "The SDK inserts one extra fallback step between PRM and omit (client/auth/utils.py): "
+                "the scope the caller configured on the provider is requested when the challenge and "
+                "PRM yield nothing. This is beyond the spec's two-step chain; the TypeScript SDK adds "
+                "the same tier."
             ),
         ),
     ),

diff --git a/tests/interaction/auth/test_lifecycle.py b/tests/interaction/auth/test_lifecycle.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 from mcp import MCPError
 from mcp.client.auth.extensions.client_credentials import ClientCredentialsOAuthProvider, PrivateKeyJWTOAuthProvider
 from mcp.server import Server, ServerRequestContext
-from mcp.shared.auth import OAuthClientInformationFull, OAuthMetadata
+from mcp.shared.auth import OAuthClientInformationFull, OAuthMetadata, ProtectedResourceMetadata
 from tests.interaction._connect import BASE_URL
 from tests.interaction._requirements import requirement
 from tests.interaction.auth._harness import (
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
     metadata_body,
     record_requests,
     shim,
+    shimmed_app,
     step_up_shim,
 )
 from tests.interaction.auth._provider import InMemoryAuthorizationServerProvider
@@ -399,6 +400,56 @@ async def test_client_credentials_provider_obtains_a_token_without_an_authorize_
     assert decoded == "m2m-client:m2m-secret"
 
 
+@requirement("client-auth:scope-selection:priority")
+async def test_client_credentials_provider_requests_its_configured_scope_when_the_server_advertises_none() -> None:
+    """With no scopes advertised, the provider's configured `scope` reaches the `/token` body.
+
+    Both metadata documents publish no scopes (an empty list would fall through the same way),
+    so the spec's WWW-Authenticate/PRM chain yields nothing and the SDK falls back to the scope
+    the caller configured on the provider — an SDK-defined tier below the spec's chain (see
+    the divergence on the requirement).
+    """
+    recorded, on_request = record_requests()
+    provider = InMemoryAuthorizationServerProvider()
+    server = Server("guarded", on_list_tools=list_tools)
+
+    prm = ProtectedResourceMetadata(
+        resource=AnyHttpUrl(f"{BASE_URL}/mcp"), authorization_servers=[AnyHttpUrl(f"{BASE_URL}/")]
+    )
+    asm = OAuthMetadata(
+        issuer=AnyHttpUrl(f"{BASE_URL}/"),
+        authorization_endpoint=AnyHttpUrl(f"{BASE_URL}/authorize"),
+        token_endpoint=AnyHttpUrl(f"{BASE_URL}/token"),
+        grant_types_supported=["client_credentials"],
+    )
+    assert prm.scopes_supported is None and asm.scopes_supported is None
+    serve = {PRM_PATH: metadata_body(prm), ASM_PATH: metadata_body(asm)}
+
+    auth = ClientCredentialsOAuthProvider(
+        server_url=f"{BASE_URL}/mcp",
+        storage=InMemoryTokenStorage(),
+        client_id="m2m-client",
+        client_secret="m2m-secret",
+        scope="ops",
+    )
+
+    with anyio.fail_after(5):
+        async with connect_with_oauth(
+            server,
+            provider=provider,
+            settings=auth_settings(required_scopes=["ops"]),
+            auth=auth,
+            app_shim=lambda app: shimmed_app(m2m_token_shim(provider, scopes=["ops"])(app), serve=serve),
+            on_request=on_request,
+        ) as (client, _):
+            result = await client.list_tools()
+
+    assert result.tools[0].name == "echo"
+
+    [token_req] = find(recorded, "POST", "/token")
+    assert form_body(token_req)["scope"] == "ops"
+
+
 @requirement("client-auth:private-key-jwt")
 async def test_private_key_jwt_provider_authenticates_the_token_request_with_an_assertion() -> None:
     """The private-key-JWT provider sends a `client_assertion` on the token request, with the issuer as audience.