There's a failure, I can reproduce it on Windows. (originally taken from test_xxsubinterpreters/test_in_thread)
Minimal reproducible example:

import threading
import _xxsubinterpreters as interpreters

def foo():
    t = threading.Thread(target=interpreters.create)
    t.start()
    t.join()

foo()
foo()

Traceback:

C:\Users\KIRILL-1\CLionProjects\cpython> ./python example.py
Running Debug|x64 interpreter...
Fatal Python error: drop_gil: drop_gil: GIL is not locked
Python runtime state: initialized

Current thread 0x00001900 (most recent call first):
  <no Python frame>

@Eclips4, do you get the same failure with #99114?

@Eclips4, I've rebased this branch. Do you still get the crash?

Hello Eric, sorry for the wait
Tried on commit 2404310dea7c14a59fba9a7ffae4f203005bbf4f.
Same error:

PS C:\Users\KIRILL-1\CLionProjects\cpython> ./python example.py
Running Debug|x64 interpreter...
Fatal Python error: drop_gil: drop_gil: GIL is not locked
Python runtime state: initialized

Current thread 0x00003a74 (most recent call first):
  <no Python frame>

It's kinda interesting why it fails only on Windows. Maybe try build with buildbots?

Ah, looks like I was releasing the GIL unnecessarily in new_interpreter() (in pystate.c).

FTR, there's the stack trace before my fix:

 	KernelBase.dll!00007ff911127b02()	Unknown
>	python312_d.dll!fatal_error_exit(int status) Line 2677	C
 	python312_d.dll!fatal_error(int fd, int header, const char * prefix, const char * msg, int status) Line 2859	C
 	python312_d.dll!_Py_FatalErrorFunc(const char * func, const char * msg) Line 2875	C
 	python312_d.dll!drop_gil(_ceval_state * ceval, _ts * tstate) Line 287	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyEval_ReleaseLock(_ts * tstate) Line 625	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyThreadState_Swap(pyruntimestate * runtime, _ts * newts) Line 1912	C
 	python312_d.dll!_extensions_cache_set(_object * filename, _object * name, PyModuleDef * def) Line 947	C
 	python312_d.dll!fix_up_extension(_object * mod, _object * name, _object * filename) Line 1177	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyImport_FixupBuiltin(_object * mod, const char * name, _object * modules) Line 1310	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PySys_Create(_ts * tstate, _object * * sysmod_p) Line 3471	C
 	python312_d.dll!pycore_interp_init(_ts * tstate) Line 852	C
 	python312_d.dll!new_interpreter(_ts * * tstate_p, const PyInterpreterConfig * config) Line 2066	C
 	python312_d.dll!Py_NewInterpreterFromConfig(_ts * * tstate_p, const PyInterpreterConfig * config) Line 2101	C
 	python312_d.dll!interp_create(_object * self, _object * args, _object * kwds) Line 522	C
 	python312_d.dll!cfunction_call(_object * func, _object * args, _object * kwargs) Line 537	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyObject_Call(_ts * tstate, _object * callable, _object * args, _object * kwargs) Line 367	C
 	python312_d.dll!PyObject_Call(_object * callable, _object * args, _object * kwargs) Line 380	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyEval_EvalFrameDefault(_ts * tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame * frame, int throwflag) Line 3125	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyEval_Vector(_ts * tstate, PyFunctionObject * func, _object * locals, _object * const * args, unsigned __int64 argcount, _object * kwnames) Line 1576	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyFunction_Vectorcall(_object * func, _object * const * stack, unsigned __int64 nargsf, _object * kwnames) Line 419	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyObject_VectorcallTstate(_ts * tstate, _object * callable, _object * const * args, unsigned __int64 nargsf, _object * kwnames) Line 92	C
 	python312_d.dll!method_vectorcall(_object * method, _object * const * args, unsigned __int64 nargsf, _object * kwnames) Line 67	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyVectorcall_Call(_ts * tstate, _object *(*)(_object *, _object * const *, unsigned __int64, _object *) func, _object * callable, _object * tuple, _object * kwargs) Line 271	C
 	python312_d.dll!_PyObject_Call(_ts * tstate, _object * callable, _object * args, _object * kwargs) Line 354	C
 	python312_d.dll!PyObject_Call(_object * callable, _object * args, _object * kwargs) Line 380	C
 	python312_d.dll!thread_run(void * boot_raw) Line 1081	C
 	python312_d.dll!bootstrap(void * call) Line 182	C
 	[External Code]	

Yeah, after last commit error will go away.

It's kinda interesting why it fails only on Windows. Maybe try build with buildbots?

That is interesting. I figured it would be worth exploring why that unexpected situation happened. Below is my analysis.

tl;dr in addition to dropping that _PyEval_ReleaseThread() call, there was a bug in _PyEval_InitGIL() that needs fixing.

(So thanks for pointing this out.)

Analysis

The immediate problem was that we were trying to release the GIL when it wasn't held (but did already exist). This was happening, specifically, in _PyThreadState_Swap() via the pycore_interp_init() call right after init_interp_create_gil() call in new_interpreter() (in pystate.c). I expected that, when init_interp_create_gil() returned, the current thread would hold the GIL, regardless of whether or not the GIL was released earlier (which apparently we were doing).

This may mean I broke that expectation somewhere with one of my relatively recent commits (or in this PR). Or it might be a long-standing bug that I exposed with some new branch in the code.

Regardless, the failure implies broken expectations somewhere. Here are the relevant expectations I thought of, particularly relative to the failure and leading up to the call to _PySys_Create():

1. ✅the "current" thread state when new_interpreter() (in pylifecycle.c) gets called is consistent (whether NULL or not) across platforms
2. ✅in new_interpreter(), the "current" thread state should not be change anywhere before the _PyThreadState_SwapNoGIL()
3. ✅_PyThreadState_SwapNoGIL() sets the "current" thread state correctly and returns the previous one
4. ✅after the first _PyThreadState_SwapNoGIL() call, save_tstate is consistent across platforms
5. ✅the current thread state does not change again in new_interpreter() (except at the end if it fails)
6. ✅_PyEval_ReleaseLock() always releases the GIL if held (and crashes otherwise)
7. the call to _PyConfig_Copy() does not need (or touch) the GIL
8. ✅the call to init_interp_settings() does not need (or touch) the GIL
9. ✅the init_interp_create_gil() call correctly sets interp->ceval.gil
10. ✅it makes sure the GIL is held
11. ✅when pycore_interp_init() is called, the GIL is held
12. ✅pycore_init_global_objects() does not release the GIL
13. ✅_PyGC_Init() does not release the GIL
14. _Py_Deepfreeze_Init() does not release the GIL
15. ✅pycore_init_types() does not release the GIL
16. ✅_PyWarnings_InitState() does not release the GIL
17. ✅_PyAtExit_Init() does not release the GIL

I checked each of these in turn, comparing on linux (where I develop) and Windows (where the failure happened), and the expectations were valid. However, in two places the GIL changed state unexpectedly (noted above without a check mark). This only happened on Windows.

I'm pretty sure that the following happened:

• during the _PyConfig_Copy() call, the main thread re-acquired the GIL (since we had just released it in the sub-thread)
• during the _Py_Deepfreeze_Init() call, the main interpreter released the GIL again when it started up the second sub-thread

Why did this only happen on Windows. I expect (but have not verified) that the semantics of releasing and re-acquiring the GIL in the eval loop are different on Windows and linux.

Conclusion

All that demonstrates two issues (one of which I've already addressed):

1. the _PyEval_ReleaseLock() call wasn't necessary (but did reveal the actual problem)
2. in _PyEval_InitGIL(), we skip acquiring the GIL if it's already held, but we don't make sure it's held by the current thread

The solution for _PyEval_InitGIL() is to check main_interp->ceval.gil->last_holder. I'll do that.

@ericsnowcurrently a bit of a long shot and way late to the party -- but I've recently bisected uwsgi (which deadlocks on python 3.12 only after a reload) and the bisection claims this commit as the culprit -- you can find more analysis in unbit/uwsgi#2659

my guess without debugging much yet is last_holder isn't forksafe? (need to poke around in gdb some more though)

I believe there's an oversight in this patch which changes the behaviour of PyThreadState_Swap -- previously it did not attempt to acquire the GIL at the end but now it does.

this patch "fixes" my problem:

diff --git a/Python/pystate.c b/Python/pystate.c
index f14934361da..218c08a8528 100644
--- a/Python/pystate.c
+++ b/Python/pystate.c
@@ -1919,7 +1919,7 @@ _PyThreadState_Swap(_PyRuntimeState *runtime, PyThreadState *newts)
 PyThreadState *
 PyThreadState_Swap(PyThreadState *newts)
 {
-    return _PyThreadState_Swap(&_PyRuntime, newts);
+    return _PyThreadState_SwapNoGIL(newts);
 }
 
 

I opened #123079 with the potential fix