python
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h b/Include/internal/pycore_opcode_metadata.h
@@ -956,3 +956,43 @@ class NewStyle[T]:
         for case in cases:
             with self.subTest(case=case):
                 weakref.ref(case)
+
+
+class TypeParamsRuntimeTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_name_error(self):
+        # gh-109118: This crashed the interpreter due to a refcounting bug
+        code = """
+        class name_2[name_5]:
+            class name_4[name_5](name_0):
+                pass
+        """
+        with self.assertRaises(NameError):
+            run_code(code)
+
+        # Crashed with a slightly different stack trace
+        code = """
+        class name_2[name_5]:
+            class name_4[name_5: name_5](name_0):
+                pass
+        """
+        with self.assertRaises(NameError):
+            run_code(code)
+
+    def test_broken_class_namespace(self):
+        code = """
+        class WeirdMapping(dict):
+            def __missing__(self, key):
+                if key == "T":
+                    raise RuntimeError
+                raise KeyError(key)
+
+        class Meta(type):
+            def __prepare__(name, bases):
+                return WeirdMapping()
+
+        class MyClass[V](metaclass=Meta):
+            class Inner[U](T):
+                pass
+        """
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            run_code(code)
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2023-09-07-18-24-42.gh-issue-109118.yPXRAe.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2023-09-07-18-24-42.gh-issue-109118.yPXRAe.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Fix interpreter crash when a NameError is raised inside the type parameters
+of a generic class.
diff --git a/Python/abstract_interp_cases.c.h b/Python/abstract_interp_cases.c.h
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ dummy_func(
             }
         }
 
-        op(_LOAD_LOCALS, ( -- locals)) {
+        inst(LOAD_LOCALS, ( -- locals)) {
             locals = LOCALS();
             if (locals == NULL) {
                 _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
@@ -1296,15 +1296,11 @@ dummy_func(
             Py_INCREF(locals);
         }
 
-        macro(LOAD_LOCALS) = _LOAD_LOCALS;
-
-        op(_LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS, (mod_or_class_dict -- v)) {
+        inst(LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS, (mod_or_class_dict -- v)) {
             PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
             if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(mod_or_class_dict, name, &v) < 0) {
-                Py_DECREF(mod_or_class_dict);
                 goto error;
             }
-            Py_DECREF(mod_or_class_dict);
             if (v == NULL) {
                 v = PyDict_GetItemWithError(GLOBALS(), name);
                 if (v != NULL) {
@@ -1325,11 +1321,41 @@ dummy_func(
                     }
                 }
             }
+            DECREF_INPUTS();
         }
 
-        macro(LOAD_NAME) = _LOAD_LOCALS + _LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS;
-
-        macro(LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS) = _LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS;
+        inst(LOAD_NAME, (-- v)) {
+            PyObject *mod_or_class_dict = LOCALS();
+            if (mod_or_class_dict == NULL) {
+                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
+                                 "no locals found");
+                ERROR_IF(true, error);
+            }
+            PyObject *name = GETITEM(FRAME_CO_NAMES, oparg);
+            if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(mod_or_class_dict, name, &v) < 0) {
+                goto error;
+            }
+            if (v == NULL) {
+                v = PyDict_GetItemWithError(GLOBALS(), name);
+                if (v != NULL) {
+                    Py_INCREF(v);
+                }
+                else if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
+                    goto error;
+                }
+                else {
+                    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(BUILTINS(), name, &v) < 0) {
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                    if (v == NULL) {
+                        _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(
+                                    tstate, PyExc_NameError,
+                                    NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
+                        goto error;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         family(LOAD_GLOBAL, INLINE_CACHE_ENTRIES_LOAD_GLOBAL) = {
             LOAD_GLOBAL_MODULE,

diff --git a/Python/executor_cases.c.h b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
		Fix interpreter crash when a NameError is raised inside the type parameters
		of a generic class.