python
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
@@ -261,6 +261,10 @@ def _setup_queues(self):
         self._quick_put = self._inqueue._writer.send
         self._quick_get = self._outqueue._reader.recv
 
+    def _check_running(self):
+        if self._state != RUN:
+            raise ValueError("Pool not running")
+
     def apply(self, func, args=(), kwds={}):
         '''
         Equivalent of `func(*args, **kwds)`.
@@ -306,8 +310,7 @@ def imap(self, func, iterable, chunksize=1):
         '''
         Equivalent of `map()` -- can be MUCH slower than `Pool.map()`.
         '''
-        if self._state != RUN:
-            raise ValueError("Pool not running")
+        self._check_running()
         if chunksize == 1:
             result = IMapIterator(self._cache)
             self._taskqueue.put(
@@ -336,8 +339,7 @@ def imap_unordered(self, func, iterable, chunksize=1):
         '''
         Like `imap()` method but ordering of results is arbitrary.
         '''
-        if self._state != RUN:
-            raise ValueError("Pool not running")
+        self._check_running()
         if chunksize == 1:
             result = IMapUnorderedIterator(self._cache)
             self._taskqueue.put(
@@ -366,8 +368,7 @@ def apply_async(self, func, args=(), kwds={}, callback=None,
         '''
         Asynchronous version of `apply()` method.
         '''
-        if self._state != RUN:
-            raise ValueError("Pool not running")
+        self._check_running()
         result = ApplyResult(self._cache, callback, error_callback)
         self._taskqueue.put(([(result._job, 0, func, args, kwds)], None))
         return result
@@ -385,8 +386,7 @@ def _map_async(self, func, iterable, mapper, chunksize=None, callback=None,
         '''
         Helper function to implement map, starmap and their async counterparts.
         '''
-        if self._state != RUN:
-            raise ValueError("Pool not running")
+        self._check_running()
         if not hasattr(iterable, '__len__'):
             iterable = list(iterable)
 
@@ -625,6 +625,7 @@ def _terminate_pool(cls, taskqueue, inqueue, outqueue, pool,
                     p.join()
 
     def __enter__(self):
+        self._check_running()
         return self
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):

diff --git a/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py b/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
@@ -2561,6 +2561,22 @@ def test_release_task_refs(self):
         # they were released too.
         self.assertEqual(CountedObject.n_instances, 0)
 
+    def test_enter(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest("test not applicable to manager")
+
+        pool = self.Pool(1)
+        with pool:
+            pass
+            # call pool.terminate()
+        # pool is no longer running
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            # bpo-35477: pool.__enter__() fails if the pool is not running
+            with pool:
+                pass
+        pool.join()
+
 
 def raising():
     raise KeyError("key")

diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2018-12-13-00-10-51.bpo-35477.hHyy06.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2018-12-13-00-10-51.bpo-35477.hHyy06.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+:meth:`multiprocessing.Pool.__enter__` now fails if the pool is not running:
+``with pool:`` fails if used more than once.
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
		@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
		:meth:`multiprocessing.Pool.__enter__` now fails if the pool is not running:
		``with pool:`` fails if used more than once.