python
@@ -3053,13 +3053,6 @@ def test_basic_multiple_interpreters_deleted_no_reset(self):
     def test_basic_multiple_interpreters_reset_each(self):
         # resetting between each interpreter
 
-        if Py_TRACE_REFS:
-            # It's a Py_TRACE_REFS build.
-            # This test breaks interpreter isolation a little,
-            # which causes problems on Py_TRACE_REF builds.
-            # See gh-121110.
-            raise unittest.SkipTest('crashes on Py_TRACE_REFS builds')
-
         # At this point:
         #  * alive in 0 interpreters
         #  * module def may or may not be loaded already

@@ -1532,6 +1532,35 @@ switch_to_main_interpreter(PyThreadState *tstate)
     return main_tstate;
 }
 
+static void
+switch_back_from_main_interpreter(PyThreadState *tstate,
+                                  PyThreadState *main_tstate,
+                                  PyObject *tempobj)
+{
+    assert(main_tstate == PyThreadState_GET());
+    assert(_Py_IsMainInterpreter(main_tstate->interp));
+    assert(tstate->interp != main_tstate->interp);
+
+    /* Handle any exceptions, which we cannot propagate directly
+     * to the subinterpreter. */
+    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
+        if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_MemoryError)) {
+            /* We trust it will be caught again soon. */
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+        else {
+            /* Printing the exception should be sufficient. */
+            PyErr_PrintEx(0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Py_XDECREF(tempobj);
+
+    PyThreadState_Clear(main_tstate);
+    (void)PyThreadState_Swap(tstate);
+    PyThreadState_Delete(main_tstate);
+}
+
 static PyObject *
 get_core_module_dict(PyInterpreterState *interp,
                      PyObject *name, PyObject *path)
@@ -2027,27 +2056,10 @@ import_run_extension(PyThreadState *tstate, PyModInitFunction p0,
     /* Switch back to the subinterpreter. */
     if (switched) {
         assert(main_tstate != tstate);
-
-        /* Handle any exceptions, which we cannot propagate directly
-         * to the subinterpreter. */
-        if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
-            if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_MemoryError)) {
-                /* We trust it will be caught again soon. */
-                PyErr_Clear();
-            }
-            else {
-                /* Printing the exception should be sufficient. */
-                PyErr_PrintEx(0);
-            }
-        }
-
+        switch_back_from_main_interpreter(tstate, main_tstate, mod);
         /* Any module we got from the init function will have to be
          * reloaded in the subinterpreter. */
-        Py_CLEAR(mod);
-
-        PyThreadState_Clear(main_tstate);
-        (void)PyThreadState_Swap(tstate);
-        PyThreadState_Delete(main_tstate);
+        mod = NULL;
     }
 
     /*****************************************************************/
@@ -2141,9 +2153,21 @@ clear_singlephase_extension(PyInterpreterState *interp,
         }
     }
 
+    /* We must use the main interpreter to clean up the cache.
+     * See the note in import_run_extension(). */
+    PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET();
+    PyThreadState *main_tstate = switch_to_main_interpreter(tstate);
+    if (main_tstate == NULL) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+
     /* Clear the cached module def. */
     _extensions_cache_delete(path, name);
 
+    if (main_tstate != tstate) {
+        switch_back_from_main_interpreter(tstate, main_tstate, NULL);
+    }
+
     return 0;
 }