diff --git a/babel/messages/catalog.py b/babel/messages/catalog.py
@@ -1084,8 +1084,11 @@ def is_identical(self, other: Catalog) -> bool:
         """
         assert isinstance(other, Catalog)
         for key in self._messages.keys() | other._messages.keys():
-            message_1 = self.get(key)
-            message_2 = other.get(key)
+            # The keys are internal keys already (possibly ``(msgid,
+            # msgctxt)`` tuples), so they must not be passed through ``get()``,
+            # which would strip the context and miss the message entirely.
+            message_1 = self._messages.get(key)
+            message_2 = other._messages.get(key)
             if message_1 is None or message_2 is None or not message_1.is_identical(message_2):
                 return False
         return dict(self.mime_headers) == dict(other.mime_headers)
diff --git a/tests/messages/test_catalog.py b/tests/messages/test_catalog.py
@@ -510,6 +510,44 @@ def test_catalog_add():
     assert cat['foo'] is foo
 
 
+def test_catalog_is_identical_with_context():
+    cat = catalog.Catalog()
+    cat.add('Guide', 'guide', context='navigation')
+
+    # A catalog is identical to itself even when it contains
+    # context-specific messages (issue #1307).
+    assert cat.is_identical(cat)
+
+    other = catalog.Catalog()
+    other.add('Guide', 'guide', context='navigation')
+    assert cat.is_identical(other)
+
+    # Same msgid, different context.
+    other = catalog.Catalog()
+    other.add('Guide', 'guide', context='menu')
+    assert not cat.is_identical(other)
+
+    # Same context, different string.
+    other = catalog.Catalog()
+    other.add('Guide', 'handbook', context='navigation')
+    assert not cat.is_identical(other)
+
+    # Context-specific vs context-free message with the same msgid.
+    other = catalog.Catalog()
+    other.add('Guide', 'guide')
+    assert not cat.is_identical(other)
+
+
+def test_catalog_is_identical_without_context():
+    cat = catalog.Catalog()
+    cat.add('foo', 'bar')
+    other = catalog.Catalog()
+    other.add('foo', 'bar')
+    assert cat.is_identical(other)
+    other.add('baz', 'qux')
+    assert not cat.is_identical(other)
+
+
 def test_catalog_update():
     template = catalog.Catalog(header_comment="# A Custom Header")
     template.add('green', locations=[('main.py', 99)])