First part of #4724, refactoring the main font functions.

Changes proposed in this pull request:

• organize and add comments to variable declarations
• rename variables and remove duplicates (e.g. x_position and y_max had almost the same meaning for horizontal and vertical text respectively)
• include all glyphs and both coordinates into offset calculations, not just first and last; fixes issue Vertical text alignment ignores yOffset #4553 and similar, see test with multiple test cases (to be part of followup PR)
• adjust coordinate rounding
  • use FT_GLYPH_BBOX_PIXELS instead of rounding up the difference returned for FT_GLYPH_BBOX_SUBPIXELS, this fixes some text clipping (e.g. Absent pixels when drawing font #4569 (comment)), see documentation
  • simplify the code by using the bbox for both vertical and horizontal bounds, instead of calculating one of the dimensions from the metrics
  • change PIXEL macro to round to nearest instead of higher, as it is no longer used to compute size, only positions; should help with kerning in basic layout in future PR;
    visually comparing the output gives an almost imperceptible spacing difference
  • use bitmap_top instead of horiBearingY when rendering, fixes issue Incorrect vertical alignment of character when using fontmode = '1' #2293

These changes require modifying the test_imagefontctl test images, but in most cases there is only a minor spacing change, a vertical or horizontal adjustment due to #4553 and related issues, or the original image even had clipped text (e.g. test_direction_ttb)

Text clipping comparisons

I added some test code to compare alignment in getsize and render. In case of mismatch a warning is generated in test branches. I tested both the standard test suite, as well as the following extra test cases:

Test cases

For each test case I give the generated images with basic layout first, raqm second.

1. "gjpqy()|{[[}],;/_" using Helvetica LT Std Light.otf at size 48 from Fix rendered characters have been chipped for some TrueType fonts #45 discussion.
2. "0123456789" using vista-hei-all.ttf at size 35 from Absent pixels when drawing font #4569.
3. "01234567890123456789" using verdanab.ttf at size 13 with mode 1 from Incorrect vertical alignment of character when using fontmode = '1' #2293, see also Truetype fonts not being rendered correctly with the TEXT method #4177 (comment)

master

It was a bit tricky to figure out which variables are best to compare, but I think I got the best possible match between getsize and render, see branch master...nulano:anchor-part1-clip-test

15 extra warnings in test suite (7 due to clipping, 8 due to different alignment).

1. looks ok, no warnings

2. clipping, with warning

c:\git\pillow\src\PIL\ImageFont.py:490: RuntimeWarning: Text is clipped!
    Measured: (0, 25, [(1, 0), (21, 0), (37, 0), (55, 0), (72, 0), (90, 1), (109, 0), (127, 1), (144, 0), (162, 0)])
    Rendered: (0, 24, [(1, -1), (21, -1), (37, -1), (55, -1), (72, -1), (90, 0), (109, -1), (127, 0), (144, -1), (162, -1)])
    Clipped glyphs: [(0, 'top', 1), (1, 'top', 1), (2, 'top', 1), (3, 'top', 1), (4, 'top', 1), (6, 'top', 1), (8, 'top', 1), (9, 'top', 1)]
  warnings.warn(m, RuntimeWarning)

c:\git\pillow\src\PIL\ImageFont.py:490: RuntimeWarning: Text is clipped!
    Measured: (0, 25, [(1, 0), (21, 0), (36, 0), (54, 0), (70, 0), (88, 1), (106, 0), (124, 1), (140, 0), (158, 0)])
    Rendered: (0, 24, [(1, -1), (21, -1), (36, -1), (54, -1), (70, -1), (88, 0), (106, -1), (124, 0), (140, -1), (158, -1)])
    Clipped glyphs: [(0, 'top', 1), (1, 'top', 1), (2, 'top', 1), (3, 'top', 1), (4, 'top', 1), (6, 'top', 1), (8, 'top', 1), (9, 'top', 1)]
  warnings.warn(m, RuntimeWarning)

3. poor alignment, no warnings

PR

There were no problems writing debug code here, as both functions now have the same variables with the same names and meaning, see branch nulano/Pillow@anchor-part1...nulano:anchor4

no warnings in test suite

1. looks ok, no warnings

2. looks ok, no warnings

3. looks ok, alignment warnings

c:\git\pillow\src\PIL\ImageFont.py:498: RuntimeWarning: Text is misaligned!
    Measured: (0, 10, [(1, 0), (11, 1), (19, 1), (28, 1), (37, 1), (46, 1), (55, 1), (64, 1), (73, 1), (82, 1), (91, 0), (101, 1), (109, 1), (118, 1), (127, 1), (136, 1), (145, 1), (154, 1), (163, 1), (172, 1)])
    Rendered: (0, 9, [(1, 0), (11, 0), (19, 0), (28, 0), (37, 0), (46, 0), (55, 0), (64, 0), (73, 0), (82, 0), (91, 0), (101, 0), (109, 0), (118, 0), (127, 0), (136, 0), (145, 0), (154, 0), (163, 0), (172, 0)])
  warnings.warn(m, RuntimeWarning)

c:\git\pillow\src\PIL\ImageFont.py:498: RuntimeWarning: Text is misaligned!
    Measured: (0, 10, [(1, 0), (11, 1), (20, 1), (29, 1), (38, 1), (47, 1), (57, 1), (66, 1), (75, 1), (84, 1), (94, 0), (104, 1), (112, 1), (121, 1), (131, 1), (140, 1), (149, 1), (158, 1), (168, 1), (177, 1)])
    Rendered: (0, 9, [(1, 0), (11, 0), (20, 0), (29, 0), (38, 0), (47, 0), (57, 0), (66, 0), (75, 0), (84, 0), (94, 0), (104, 0), (112, 0), (121, 0), (131, 0), (140, 0), (149, 0), (158, 0), (168, 0), (177, 0)])
  warnings.warn(m, RuntimeWarning)

These warnings are not surprising due to the following from the FreeType tutorial II section 4b (emphasis mine):

In general, the above function does not compute an exact bounding box of a string! As soon as hinting is involved, glyph dimensions must be derived from the resulting outlines. For anti-aliased pixmaps, FT_Outline_Get_BBox then yields proper results. In case you need 1-bit monochrome bitmaps, it is even necessary to actually render the glyphs because the rules for the conversion from outline to bitmap can also be controlled by hinting instructions (cf. dropout control).

Fixing this would essentially require reverting #4652, so it is up for discussion. However, unlike master, the PR at least renders this case properly.

Regarding changing FT_Outline_Get_CBox with FT_Outline_Get_BBox, it is my understanding that the former always returns a larger or same bbox, so is likely unnecessary to change. From the documentation for FT_Outline_Get_CBox (emphasis mine):

Return an outline's ‘control box’. The control box encloses all the outline's points, including Bezier control points. Though it coincides with the exact bounding box for most glyphs, it can be slightly larger in some situations (like when rotating an outline that contains Bezier outside arcs).