• 8.4-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.3-alpine3.24
• 8.3-cli-alpine
• 8.3-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-alpine
• 8.3.32-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.3-alpine3.24
• 8.3-cli-alpine
• 8.3-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-alpine
• 8.3.32-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 42 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 42 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.2-alpine3.24
• 8.2-cli-alpine
• 8.2-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.2.32-alpine
• 8.2.32-alpine3.24
• 8.2.32-cli-alpine
• 8.2.32-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.2-alpine3.24
• 8.2-cli-alpine
• 8.2-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.2.32-alpine
• 8.2.32-alpine3.24
• 8.2.32-cli-alpine
• 8.2.32-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.2-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.2.32-fpm-alpine
• 8.2.32-fpm-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

• 8.4-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 42 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.3.32-cli-alpine
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3-cli-alpine
• 8.3-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-alpine
• 8.3.32-alpine3.24
• 8.3-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 38 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.3.32

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.4.23-cli-alpine
• 8.4.23-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4-cli-alpine
• 8.4-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-alpine
• 8.4.23-alpine3.24
• 8.4-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 42 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.3.32-cli-alpine
• 8.3.32-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3-cli-alpine
• 8.3-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-alpine
• 8.3.32-alpine3.24
• 8.3-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 38 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.3.32

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine
• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.4-fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 36 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.3.32-fpm-alpine
• 8.3.32-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.3-fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 33 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.3.32

• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine
• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.5-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8-fpm-alpine
• 8-fpm-alpine3.24
• fpm-alpine
• fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 39 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24

• 8.5.7-cli-alpine
• 8.5.7-cli-alpine3.24
• 8.5-cli-alpine
• 8.5-cli-alpine3.24
• 8-cli-alpine
• 8-cli-alpine3.24
• cli-alpine
• cli-alpine3.24
• alpine
• alpine3.24
• 8.5.7-alpine
• 8.5.7-alpine3.24
• 8.5-alpine3.24
• 8-alpine
• 8-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 45 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.5.7

• 8.4-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine
• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine
• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.5-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8-fpm-alpine
• 8-fpm-alpine3.24
• fpm-alpine
• fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 39 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24

• 8.3-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.3.32-fpm-alpine
• 8.3.32-fpm-alpine3.24

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/crypto@0.38.0

Previously, CVE-2024-45337 fixed an authorization bypass for misused ssh server configurations; if any other type of callback is passed other than public key, then the source-address validation would be skipped.

Previously, a revoked 'SignatureKey' belonging to a CA was not correctly checked for revocation. Now, both the 'key' and 'key.SignatureKey' are checked for @Revoked.

When writing data larger than 4GB in a single Write call on an SSH channel, an integer overflow in the internal payload size calculation caused the write loop to spin indefinitely, sending empty packets without making progress. The size comparison now uses int64 to prevent truncation.

The in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() silently accepted keys with the ConfirmBeforeUse constraint but never enforced it. The key would sign without any confirmation prompt, with no indication to the caller that the constraint was not in effect. NewKeyring() now returns an error when unsupported constraints are requested.

When adding a key to a remote agent constraint extensions such as restrict-destination-v00@openssh.com were not serialized in the request. Destination restrictions were silently stripped when forwarding keys, allowing unrestricted use of the key on the remote host. The client now serializes all constraint extensions. Additionally, the in-memory keyring returned by NewKeyring() now rejects keys with unsupported constraint extensions instead of silently ignoring them.

The Verify() method for FIDO/U2F security key types (sk-ecdsa-sha2-nistp256@openssh.com, sk-ssh-ed25519@openssh.com) did not check the User Presence flag. Signatures generated without physical touch were accepted, allowing unattended use of a hardware security key. To restore the previous behavior, return a "no-touch-required" extension in Permissions.Extensions from PublicKeyCallback.

A malicious SSH peer could send unsolicited global request responses to fill an internal buffer, blocking the connection's read loop. The blocked goroutine could not be released by calling Close(), resulting in a resource leak per connection. Unsolicited global responses are now discarded.

An incorrectly placed cast from bytes to int allowed for server-side panic in the AES-GCM packet decoder for well-crafted inputs.

The RSA and DSA public key parsers did not enforce size limits on key parameters. A crafted public key with an excessively large modulus or DSA parameter could cause several minutes of CPU consumption during signature verification. This could be triggered by unauthenticated clients during public key authentication. RSA moduli are now limited to 8192 bits, and DSA parameters are validated per FIPS 186-2.

SSH clients receiving SSH_AGENT_SUCCESS when expecting a typed response will panic and cause early termination of the client process.

pkg:golang/golang.org/x/net@0.40.0

The ToASCII and ToUnicode functions incorrectly accept Punycode-encoded labels that decode to an ASCII-only label. For example, ToUnicode("xn--example-.com") incorrectly returns the name "example.com" rather than an error.

This behavior can lead to privilege escalation in programs using the idna package. For example, a program which performs privilege checks on the ASCII hostname may reject "example.com" but permit "xn--example-.com". If that program subsequently converts the ASCII hostname to Unicode, it will inadvertently permits access to the Unicode name "example.com".

When processing HTTP/2 SETTINGS frames, transport will enter an infinite loop of writing CONTINUATION frames if it receives a SETTINGS_MAX_FRAME_SIZE with a value of 0.

pkg:golang/google.golang.org/grpc@1.71.0

Improper Authorization

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?

It is an Authorization Bypass resulting from Improper Input Validation of the HTTP/2 :path pseudo-header.

The gRPC-Go server was too lenient in its routing logic, accepting requests where the :path omitted the mandatory leading slash (e.g., Service/Method instead of /Service/Method). While the server successfully routed these requests to the correct handler, authorization interceptors (including the official grpc/authz package) evaluated the raw, non-canonical path string. Consequently, "deny" rules defined using canonical paths (starting with /) failed to match the incoming request, allowing it to bypass the policy if a fallback "allow" rule was present.

Who is impacted?
This affects gRPC-Go servers that meet both of the following criteria:

1. They use path-based authorization interceptors, such as the official RBAC implementation in google.golang.org/grpc/authz or custom interceptors relying on info.FullMethod or grpc.Method(ctx).
2. Their security policy contains specific "deny" rules for canonical paths but allows other requests by default (a fallback "allow" rule).

The vulnerability is exploitable by an attacker who can send raw HTTP/2 frames with malformed :path headers directly to the gRPC server.

Patches

Has the problem been patched? What versions should users upgrade to?

Yes, the issue has been patched. The fix ensures that any request with a :path that does not start with a leading slash is immediately rejected with a codes.Unimplemented error, preventing it from reaching authorization interceptors or handlers with a non-canonical path string.

Users should upgrade to the following versions (or newer):

• v1.79.3
• The latest master branch.

It is recommended that all users employing path-based authorization (especially grpc/authz) upgrade as soon as the patch is available in a tagged release.

Workarounds

Is there a way for users to fix or remediate the vulnerability without upgrading?

While upgrading is the most secure and recommended path, users can mitigate the vulnerability using one of the following methods:

1. Use a Validating Interceptor (Recommended Mitigation)

Add an "outermost" interceptor to your server that validates the path before any other authorization logic runs:

func pathValidationInterceptor(ctx context.Context, req any, info *grpc.UnaryServerInfo, handler grpc.UnaryHandler) (any, error) {
    if info.FullMethod == "" || info.FullMethod[0] != '/' {
        return nil, status.Errorf(codes.Unimplemented, "malformed method name")
    }   
    return handler(ctx, req)
}

// Ensure this is the FIRST interceptor in your chain
s := grpc.NewServer(
    grpc.ChainUnaryInterceptor(pathValidationInterceptor, authzInterceptor),
)

2. Infrastructure-Level Normalization

If your gRPC server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer (such as Envoy, NGINX, or an L7 Cloud Load Balancer), ensure it is configured to enforce strict HTTP/2 compliance for pseudo-headers and reject or normalize requests where the :path header does not start with a leading slash.

3. Policy Hardening

Switch to a "default deny" posture in your authorization policies (explicitly listing all allowed paths and denying everything else) to reduce the risk of bypasses via malformed inputs.

pkg:golang/stdlib@1.26.3

Decoding a maliciously-crafted MIME header containing many invalid encoded-words can consume excessive CPU.

pkg:golang/github.com/antchfx/xpath@1.3.3

Uncontrolled Resource Consumption

Boolean expressions that evaluate to true can cause an infinite loop in logicalQuery.Select, leading to 100% CPU usage. This can be triggered by top-level selectors such as "1=1" or "true()".

• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine
• 8.4.23-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.4-fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Minor runtime version update
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities
• Image contains equal number of packages

• Size: 36 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24
• Runtime: 8.4.23

• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine
• 8.5.7-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8.5-fpm-alpine3.24
• 8-fpm-alpine
• 8-fpm-alpine3.24
• fpm-alpine
• fpm-alpine3.24

• Same OS detected
• Image contains 1 fewer package
• Image has similar size
• Image has same number of vulnerabilities

• Size: 39 MB
• Flavor: alpine
• OS: 3.24