Verify is a snapshot tool that simplifies the assertion of complex data models and documents.

Verify is called on the test result during the assertion phase. It serializes that result and stores it in a file that matches the test name. On the next test execution, the result is again serialized and compared to the existing file. The test will fail if the two snapshots do not match: either the change is unexpected, or the reference snapshot needs to be updated to the new result.

See Milestones for release notes.

• Supported runtimes: net472, net48, net481, net6, net8, and net9.
• Supported SDK: 8.0.300 and up

Get customized instructions for the specific combination of Operating System, IDE, Test Framework, and Build Server.

Start wizard.

• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.NUnit/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.Xunit/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.XunitV3/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.Fixie/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.Expecto/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.MSTest/
• https://nuget.org/packages/Verify.TUnit/

Accepting or declining a snapshot file is part of the core workflow of Verify. There are several ways to do this and the approach(s) selected is a personal preference.

• In the Windows Tray via DiffEngineTray
• ReSharper test runner plugin (Source)
• Rider test runner plugin (Source)
• Via the clipboard.
• Manually making the change in the launched diff tool. Either with a copy paste, or some tools have commands to automate this via a shortcut or a button.
• Manually on the file system. By renaming the .received. file to .verified.. This can be automated via a scripted to bulk accept all (by matching a pattern) .received. files.
• Using the dotnet tool Verify.Terminal.

All examples use Implicit Usings. Ensure <ImplicitUsings> is set to enable to ensure examples compile correctly.

<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>

If ImplicitUsings are not enabled, substitute usages of Verify() with Verifier.Verify().

Given a class to be tested:

public static class ClassBeingTested
{
    public static Person FindPerson() =>
        new()
        {
            Id = new("ebced679-45d3-4653-8791-3d969c4a986c"),
            Title = Title.Mr,
            GivenNames = "John",
            FamilyName = "Smith",
            Spouse = "Jill",
            Children =
            [
                "Sam",
                "Mary"
            ],
            Address = new()
            {
                Street = "4 Puddle Lane",
                Country = "USA"
            }
        };
}

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Support for NUnit

[TestFixture]
public class Sample
{
    [Test]
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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Support for xUnit

public class Sample
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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Support for xUnitV3

public class Sample
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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Support for Fixie

public class Sample
{
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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Fixie is less opinionated than other test frameworks. As such it leaves up to the consumer how to configure test execution.

To enable Verify the ITestProject and IExecution interfaces need to be used.

Requirements:

• Assign the target assembly in ITestProject.Configure using VerifierSettings.AssignTargetAssembly
• Wrap test executions in IExecution.Run using ExecutionState.Set

An example implementation of the above:

public class TestProject :
    ITestProject,
    IExecution
{
    public void Configure(TestConfiguration configuration, TestEnvironment environment)
    {
        VerifierSettings.AssignTargetAssembly(environment.Assembly);
        configuration.Conventions.Add<DefaultDiscovery, TestProject>();
    }

    public async Task Run(TestSuite testSuite)
    {
        foreach (var testClass in testSuite.TestClasses)
        {
            foreach (var test in testClass.Tests)
            {
                if (test.HasParameters)
                {
                    foreach (var parameters in test
                                 .GetAll<TestCase>()
                                 .Select(_ => _.Parameters))
                    {
                        using (ExecutionState.Set(testClass, test, parameters))
                        {
                            await test.Run(parameters);
                        }
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    using (ExecutionState.Set(testClass, test, null))
                    {
                        await test.Run();
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

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Support for Expecto

open Expecto
open VerifyTests
open VerifyExpecto

[<Tests>]
let tests =
    testTask "findPerson" {
        let person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson()
        do! Verifier.Verify("findPerson", person).ToTask()
    }

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Due to the nature of the Expecto implementation, the following APIs in Verify are not supported.

• settings.UseParameters()
• settings.UseTextForParameters()

Support for TUnit

public class Sample
{
    [Test]
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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Support for MSTest

[TestClass]
public partial class Sample
{
    [TestMethod]
    public Task Test()
    {
        var person = ClassBeingTested.FindPerson();
        return Verify(person);
    }
}

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The MSTest implementation leverages a Source Generator and requires test classes to opt in to being processed by the Source Generator.

Add the UsesVerifyAttribute.

For all test classes in an assembly:

[assembly: UsesVerify]

For a specific a test class:

[UsesVerify]

Or inherit from VerifyBase:

[TestClass]
public class VerifyBaseUsage :
    VerifyBase
{
    [TestMethod]
    public Task Simple() =>
        Verify("The content");
}

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No existing .verified. file.

graph TD
run(Run test and<br/>create Received file)
failTest(Fail Test<br/>and show Diff)
closeDiff(Close Diff)
run-->failTest
shouldAccept{Accept ?}
failTest-->shouldAccept
accept(Move Received<br/>to Verified)
shouldAccept-- Yes -->accept
discard(Discard<br/>Received)
shouldAccept-- No -->discard
accept-->closeDiff
discard-->closeDiff

When the test is initially run will fail. If a Diff Tool is detected it will display the diff.

To verify the result:

• Execute the command from the Clipboard, or
• Accept with DiffEngineTray tool,
• Accept with ReSharper Addin or Rider Addin
• Use the diff tool to accept the changes, or
• Manually copy the text to the new file

This will result in the Sample.Test.verified.txt being created:

{
  GivenNames: John,
  FamilyName: Smith,
  Spouse: Jill,
  Address: {
    Street: 4 Puddle Lane,
    Country: USA
  },
  Children: [
    Sam,
    Mary
  ],
  Id: Guid_1
}

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Existing .verified. file.

graph TD
run(Run test and<br/>create Received file)
closeDiff(Close Diff)
failTest(Fail Test<br/>and show Diff)
run-->isSame
shouldAccept{Accept ?}
failTest-->shouldAccept
accept(Move Received<br/>to Verified)
shouldAccept-- Yes -->accept
discard(Discard<br/>Received)
shouldAccept-- No -->discard

isSame{Compare<br/>Verified +<br/>Received}
passTest(Pass Test and<br/>discard Received)
isSame-- Same --> passTest
isSame-- Different --> failTest
accept-->closeDiff
discard-->closeDiff

If the implementation of ClassBeingTested changes:

public static class ClassBeingTested
{
    public static Person FindPerson() =>
        new()
        {
            Id = new("ebced679-45d3-4653-8791-3d969c4a986c"),
            Title = Title.Mr,
            // Middle name added
            GivenNames = "John James",
            FamilyName = "Smith",
            Spouse = "Jill",
            Children =
            [
                "Sam",
                "Mary"
            ],
            Address = new()
            {
                // Address changed
                Street = "64 Barnett Street",
                Country = "USA"
            }
        };
}

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And the test is re run it will fail.

The same approach can be used to verify the results and the change to Sample.Test.verified.txt is committed to source control along with the change to ClassBeingTested.

Verify() has overloads that accept Task<T>, ValueTask<T>, and IAsyncEnumerable<T>. These are awaited before verification.

There is also an overload that accepts Func<Task<T>>, which works well with async lambda expressions:

await Verify(
    async () => new
    {
        Foo = await repo.GetFoo(id),
        Bars = await repo.GetBars(id)
    });

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VerifyJson performs the following actions

• Convert to JToken (if necessary).
• Apply ignore member by name for keys.
• PrettyPrint the resulting text.

[Fact]
public Task VerifyJsonString()
{
    var json = "{'key': {'msg': 'No action taken'}}";
    return VerifyJson(json);
}

[Fact]
public Task VerifyJsonStream()
{
    var json = "{'key': {'msg': 'No action taken'}}";
    var stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(json));
    return VerifyJson(stream);
}

[Fact]
public Task VerifyJsonJToken()
{
    var json = "{'key': {'msg': 'No action taken'}}";
    var target = JToken.Parse(json);
    return Verify(target);
}

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Results in a .txt file:

{
  key: {
    msg: No action taken
  }
}

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• All *.received.* files should be excluded from source control.

eg. add the following to .gitignore

*.received.*

If using UseSplitModeForUniqueDirectory also include:

*.received/

All *.verified.* files should be committed to source control.

Text variants of verified and received have the following characteristics:

• UTF8 with a Byte order mark (BOM)
• Newlines as line-feed (lf)
• No trailing newline

This manifests in several ways:

All text extensions of *.verified.* should have:

• eol set to lf
• working-tree-encoding set to UTF-8

eg add the following to .gitattributes

*.verified.txt text eol=lf working-tree-encoding=UTF-8
*.verified.xml text eol=lf working-tree-encoding=UTF-8
*.verified.json text eol=lf working-tree-encoding=UTF-8

If modifying text verified/received files in an editor, it is desirable for the editor to respect the above conventions. For EditorConfig enabled the following can be used:

# Verify settings
[*.{received,verified}.{json,txt,xml}]
charset = "utf-8-bom"
end_of_line = lf
indent_size = unset
indent_style = unset
insert_final_newline = false
tab_width = unset
trim_trailing_whitespace = false

Note that the above are suggested for subset of text extension. Add others as required based on the text file types being verified.

The above conventions can be checked by calling VerifyChecks.Run() in a test

[TestClass]
public partial class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [TestMethod]
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run();
}

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public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [Tests]
    public static Test verifyChecksTest = Runner.TestCase(
        nameof(verifyChecksTest),
        () => VerifyChecks.Run(typeof(VerifyChecksTests).Assembly));
}

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public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run(GetType().Assembly);
}

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public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run();
}

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public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run();
}

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[TestFixture]
public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [Test]
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run();
}

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public class VerifyChecksTests
{
    [Test]
    public Task Run() =>
        VerifyChecks.Run();
}

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Most settings are available at the both global level and at the instance level.

When modifying settings at the both global level it should be done using a Module Initializer:

public class StaticSettings
{
    [Fact]
    public Task Test() =>
        Verify("String to verify");
}

public static class StaticSettingsUsage
{
    [ModuleInitializer]
    public static void Initialize() =>
        VerifierSettings.AddScrubber(_ => _.Replace("String to verify", "new value"));
}

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In some scenarios it can be helpful to get access to the resulting *.verified.* files after a successful run. For example to do an explicit check for contains or not-contains in the resulting text. To allow this all Verify methods return a VerifyResult.

var result = await Verify(
    new
    {
        Property = "Value To Check"
    });
Assert.Contains("Value To Check", result.Text);

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If using Verifier.Throws, the resulting Exception will also be accessible

var result = await Throws(MethodThatThrows);
Assert.NotNull(result.Exception);

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Utility for finding paths based on the current file.

using IOPath = System.IO.Path;

namespace VerifyTests;

public static class CurrentFile
{
    public static string Path([CallerFilePath] string file = "") =>
        file;

    public static string Directory([CallerFilePath] string file = "") =>
        IOPath.GetDirectoryName(file)!;

    public static string Relative(string relative, [CallerFilePath] string file = "")
    {
        var directory = IOPath.GetDirectoryName(file)!;
        return IOPath.Combine(directory, relative);
    }
}

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Verify follows Semantic Versioning. The same applies for extensions to Verify. Small changes in the resulting snapshot files may be deployed in a minor version. As such nuget updates to Verify.* should be done as follows:

• Updates all Verify.*packages in isolation
• Re-run all tests.
• If there are changes, ensure they look correct given the release notes. If the changes do not look correct, raise an issue.
• Accept those changes.

Snapshot changes do not trigger a major version change to avoid causing Diamond dependency issues for downstream extensions.

Unit tests referencing Verify (including unit tests within this repository as well as any other code referencing Verify) can be run and debugged on a local virtualized environment supported by Visual Studio Remote Testing. Initial configurations have been added for WSL and net 7.0 linux docker via testenvironments.json (for third party code, the file needs to be copied or recreated next to the .sln solution file for solution to leverage the functionality).

Upon opening the Tests Explorer the advanced environments are available in the GUI:

This readme will not discuss definitive list of details for proper setup of the environments instead refer the following information sources and warn about particular gotchas:

• WSL runs
  • Install WSL.
  • Install a distribution.
  • Install .NET Runtime
• Docker runs
  • Install Docker Desktop
  • First run of docker scenario might need elevation (Test project does not reference any .NET NuGet adapter error)
• Third party test runners might not support this feature. Use Visual Studio Test Explorer.

• Snapshot Testing in .NET with Verify - Khalid Abuhakmeh (12 July 2024)
• Snapshot testing in C# with Verify - Tim Deschryver (21 Feb 2024)
• Snapshot Testing in C# - William Rees (13 Feb 2024)
• I want to do a snapshot test with C# (26 Dec 2023)
• I REGRET Not Telling Dave Farley THIS about Approval Testing - Emily Bache (27 Sep 2023)
• Today's random F# code: Using Verify to prevent breaking changes in stored data - Urs Enzler (31 Mar 2023)
• Compare object values in xUnit C# with Verify - Pierre Belin (18 Nov 2022)
• Unit testing assertions are now easier than ever with Verify Snapshot tool - Rana Krishnrajsinh (5 Nov 2022)
• The easiest way to Unit Test with Verify in C# - Tomasz Juszczak (6 Sep 2022)
• Testing an incremental generator with snapshot testing (14 Dec 2021)
• 5 helpful Nuget package for Unit Testing in .NET (16 Oct 2021)
• Snapshot Testing with Verify: Carl Franklin's Blazor Train (3 Apr 2020)
• Verify: Snapshot Testing for C# (23 Nov 2020)

• Unhandled Exception podcast: Snapshot Testing (26 Nov 2021)
• Snapshot Testing with Verify - Dan Clarke (10 Dec 2021)

• Introduction to Snapshot testing and using Verify.Xunit - Betatalks (11 Oct 2023)
• The Way to Test Legacy Code in C# - Gui Ferreira (19 Sep 2023)
• Snapshot Testing in .NET with Verify - Dan Clarke (21 Jul 2022)
• Testing C# code reliably by freezing it in time - Nick Chapsas (1 Aug 2022)
• 5 open source .NET projects that deserve more attention (9 Sep 2021)
• OSS Power-Ups: Verify (14 Jul 2021)
• Verify Xunit Intro (26 Apr 2020)

• Verify.AngleSharp: Html verification utilities via AngleSharp.
• Verify.AspNetCore: Verification of AspNetCore bits.
• Verify.Aspose: Verification of documents (pdf, docx, xlsx, and pptx) via Aspose.
• Verify.Assertions: Extends Verify to allow an assertion callback. This enables using assertion libraries to interrogate during serialization.
• Verify.AustralianProtectiveMarkings: Verification of AustralianProtectiveMarkings.
• Verify.Avalonia: Verification of Avalonia UIs.
• Verify.Blazor: Verification of Blazor Component Blazor rendering.
• Verify.Bunit: Verification of Blazor Component via bunit.
• Verify.Brighter: Verification of Brighter bits.
• Verify.CommunityToolkit.Mvvm: Verification of CommunityToolkit.Mvvm.
• Verify.Cosmos: Verification of Azure CosmosDB.
• Verify.DiffPlex: Comparison of text via DiffPlex.
• Verify.DocNet: Verification of pdfs via DocNet.
• Verify.EntityFramework: Verification of EntityFramework bits.
• Verify.FakeItEasy: Verification of FakeItEasy bits.
• Verify.Flurl: Verification of Flurl bits.
• Verify.HeadlessBrowsers: Verification of Web UIs using Playwright, Puppeteer Sharp, or Selenium.
• Verify.Http: Verification of Http bits.
• Verify.ICSharpCode.Decompiler: Comparison of assemblies and types via ICSharpCode.Decompiler.
• Verify.ImageHash: Comparison of images via ImageHash.
• Verify.ImageSharp.Compare: Verification and comparison of images via Codeuctivity.ImageSharp.Compare.
• Verify.ImageMagick: Verification and comparison of images via Magick.NET.
• Verify.ImageSharp: Verification of images via ImageSharp.
• Verify.MailMessage: Verification of MailMessage and related types.
• Verify.MassTransit: Support for MassTransit test helpers.
• Verify.MicrosoftLogging: Verify MicrosoftLogging.
• Verify.MongoDB: Verification of MongoDB bits.
• Verify.Moq: Verification of Moq bits.
• Verify.NodaTime: Support for NodaTime.
• Verify.NewtonsoftJson: Support for converting Newtonsoft.Json types (JObject and JArray).
• Verify.NServiceBus: Verify NServiceBus Test Contexts.
• Verify.NSubstitute: Support for NSubstitute types.
• Verify.Nupkg: Verification of NuGet .nupkg files.
• Verify.PdfPig: Verification of pdfs via PdfPig.
• Verify.Phash: Comparison of images via Phash.
• Verify.Quibble: Comparison of objects via Quibble.
• Verify.QuestPDF: Verification of pdf documents via QuestPDF.
• Verify.RavenDb: Verification of RavenDb bits.
• Verify.SendGrid: Verification of SendGrid.
• Verify.Serilog: Verification of Serilog bits.
• Verify.SqlServer: Verification of SqlServer bits.
• Verify.SourceGenerators: Verification of C# Source Generators.
• Verify.SystemJson: Support for converting System.Text.Json types.
• Verify.Terminal: A dotnet tool for managing Verify snapshots.
• Verify.WinForms: Verification of WinForms UIs.
• Verify.Xamarin: Verification of Xamarin UIs.
• Verify.Xaml: Verification of Xaml UIs.
• Spectre.Verify.Extensions: Add an attribute driven file naming convention to Verify.
• Verify.Syncfusion: Verification of documents (pdf, docx, xlsx, and pptx) via Syncfusion File Formats.
• Verify.Wolverine: Verifiable test context for Wolverine.
• Verify.ZeroLog: Verifiable test context for ZeroLog.

• Clipboard
• Compared to assertions
• Verify options
• VerifyDirectory
• VerifyZip
• VerifyFile
• VerifyXml
• Serializer Settings
• Guid behavior
• Date behavior
• File naming
• AppendFile
• Parameterised tests
• Combinations
• Named Tuples
• Scrubbers
• Diff Engine
• Diff Tools
• Diff Tool Order
• Custom Diff Tool
• Using anonymous types
• Verifying binary data
• Build server
• Comparers
• Converters
• Recording
• Explicit Targets
• FSharp Usage
• Compared to ApprovalTests

Helmet designed by Leonidas Ikonomou from The Noun Project.