East Java

According to the 2000 census, East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at the 2010 Census, and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census, making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West Java. The official estimate as at mid 2024 was 41,814,499.

Akin to Central Java, the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts, the region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic Madurese (include Bawean) inhabit Madura and the Kangean and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the Tengger people in the Mount Bromo region, the Samin in Bojonegoro near the Central Java border, and the Osing people in Banyuwangi. East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Arabs.

Besides the national language (Indonesian), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life. Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java (Kulonan) is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java, with its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataraman dialect spoken around Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud". Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities, the former utilizing a Balinese-influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects. Other than Javanese, minority language includes Madurese, spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting the Madura Islands, as well as the eastern salient of Java area; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually closer genetically to Balinese and Sundanese.

A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and 15th century. The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to Bali. Islam spread from northern cities in Java where many Muslim traders from Gujarat, India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and the cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient, or "Kawasan Tapal Kuda" (the Horseshoe Region).

A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java.

East Java GDP share by sector (2022)
1. Service (44.5%)
2. Manufacturing (30.6%)
3. Other Industrial (13.8%)
4. Agriculture (11.1%)
Surabaya is one of the industrial, transportational, commercial, and financial center of Indonesia.

East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia, and has a high economic significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia.

Industry

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East Java has a number of large industries, including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in Indonesia, PT PAL in Surabaya, military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang, largest railway industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api (INKA) in Madiun, PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill company based in Sidoarjo, Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo); cigarette factories (Wismilak in Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri, Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik there are Semen Gresik, and Petrokimia Gresik. In Tuban there are the largest cement factories in Indonesia, namely Semen Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12 industrial estate companies, including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro Industrial Park (NIP) in the Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Lamongan Regency. Small industrial centers are spread throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated exports; The leather craft industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small industries.

Energy and power plant

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The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia, is refined in Bojonegoro. The power plant in East Java is managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening), thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency; which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions develop micro hydro power plants, and solar energy.

Transportation

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Roads

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The Highway of Pandaan–Malang Toll Road

East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including the northern coastal national road or locally known as pantura road (Anyer-Jakarta-Semarang-Surabaya-Banyuwangi), and inland national roads (Jakarta-Bandung-Yogyakarta-Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road; Gempol-Pandaan; Pandaan-Malang; Gempol-Pasuruan; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions with the southern and eastern salient (tapal kuda), the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road and Krian-Manyar Toll Road that connects the middle and southern East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road; Mojokerto-Kertosono; and Solo-Kertosono which connects Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and Madura Island. In the near future, the construction of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road, the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency; and Gresik Regency, as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java.

Railways

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KA Jenggala train of Greater Surabaya Commuter Line passing by Sidoarjo station. This train serves the easternmost rail route in East Java specially in Greater Surabaya

The railway system in East Java has been built since the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies. The railway line in East Java consists Surabaya Commuterline of the northern line (Surabaya Pasar Turi-Semarang-Cirebon-Jakarta), the middle lane (Surabaya Gubeng-Yogyakarta-Bandung-Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng-Malang-Blitar-Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo-Jember-Ketapang). East Java also has a commuter train transportation system with Bojonegoro-Surabaya-Sidoarjo, Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong, Surabaya-Lamongan, Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes.

At present, the Surabaya Gubeng-Kertosono-Madiun line is being developed into a double track and is planned to be completed by the end of 2018 or early 2019 and ready for use in mid-2019.

Harbors

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Tanjung Perak is the second busiest sea port in Indonesia after Tanjung Priok

Tanjung Perak International Port is Indonesia's main hub port in Northern Surabaya. Other international ports in East Java include Gresik Port and Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate in Gresik Regency, Tanjung Tembaga Probolinggo Port and Banyuwangi Port. National ports are Bawean Port in Gresik Regency, Pasuruan Port in Pasuruan City, Sapudi Port in Sumenep Regency, Kalbut Port and Anchor Port in Situbondo Regency, Sapeken Port in Sumenep Regency, Kangean Port in Sumenep Regency, and Muncar Port in Banyuwangi Regency. East Java has a number of ferry ports, including Ujung Port (Surabaya), Kamal (Bangkalan, Madura) Port, Ketapang Port (Banyuwangi), Kalianget Port (Sumenep), and Jangkar Port (Situbondo). Ujung-Kamal route connects Java island (Surabaya) with Madura island, Ketapang Ferry Port connects Java Island with Bali, Jangkar-Kalianget Route connects Java (Situbondo) with Madura Island, and Kalianget also connects Madura Island with small islands in the Java Sea (Kangean and Masalembu).

Airports

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Terminal 1 of Juanda International Airport

Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency, located in the suburb of Surabaya and connects the city with major cities in Indonesia and most major cities outside Indonesia. Other international airport is Banyuwangi International Airport and Dhoho International Airport, which connects the city in Indonesia. In Malang, there is a regional airport that connects the city with Jakarta and Bali, namely Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport. In addition, there are other public airports in the province such as Notohadinegoro Airport in Jember Regency, Iswahyudi Air Force Base in Madiun Regency, Dhoho Airport in Kediri Regency, and Trunojoyo Airport in Sumenep Regency.

Art and culture

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Art

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East Java has a number of distinctive art. Ludruk is one of the East Javanese art is quite well known, namely the art of the stage that generally all the players are male. Unlike the Ketoprak which tells the life of the palace, ludruk tells the daily life of ordinary people, often spiced with humor and social criticism, and generally opened with Dance Remo, and 580 km (224 sq mi). Hard to get to, it contains coastal rainforest and scenery and is home to abundant wildlife.

• Alas Purwo National Park – This 70 km (43 mi) from Surabaya the capital city of East Java province. Mount Bromo is one of the great hiking and trekking destinations for overseas tourists. The scenic view of Bromo also attracts hundreds of photo enthusiasts to see the views there.
• Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park [id]—This is located between Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Batu. Covered Mount Arjuna, Mount Welirang, Mount Penanggungan, Mount Anjasmoro, Mount Kawi, and Mt. Kelud.
• Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a research center in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. It has an area of nasi lethok. Blitar has the typical food that is pecel. Rambutan is also native to Blitar. Banyuwangi is famous for sego tempong, salad soup, and pecel rawon. Jember have special food made of tape that is Suwar-suwir and tape proll that is very sweet. Corn is known as one of the staple food of the Madurese, while cassava is processed into gaplek, a staple food used to be a part of the population in Pacitan and Trenggalek. Tulungagung is famous for its CLS Knights, most famous professional basketball club in Indonesia.

  East Java is the province with the highest number of professional football clubs in Indonesia and also province with clubs in top division league. By 2023–24 Liga 1 (Indonesia), Indonesian First League clubs from East Java are Persik, Madura United, Arema, and Persebaya. Arema and Persebaya are football clubs from East Java who have become top teams in Indonesia by repeatedly winning championships and national competitions and often as representatives of Indonesia in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup between clubs in Asia.

  East Java once hosted the Indonesian National Games (Indonesian: Pekan Olahraga Nasional), namely PON VII in 1969, and PON XV in 2000, and became the overall champion of PON in 2000, and 2008. Since 1996 the East Java Football Team always won medals gold was included in 2008, and was recorded as the fourth gold medal received consecutively.

  East Java has several professional basketball clubs, mainly in Surabaya. The famous basketball clubs namely CLS Knights Indonesia and Pacific Cesar Surabaya. East Java is also the venue for several bicycle racing events namely Tour de East Java and Tour de Ijen.

  Other sports such as volleyball in East Java also have superior clubs, namely Surabaya Samator and Gresik Petrokimia Pupuk Indonesia. Apart from that, in the futsal sport there are two well-known clubs, namely Bintang Timur Surabaya Futsal Club and Unggul Futsal Club. In badminton, there is the Surya Naga Surabaya club which also contributes a number of national badminton athletes.

  International relations

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  East Java is twinned with:

  •  –1993.
  • "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  • ↑ "Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  • ↑ Dennell, Robin (2009). The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 155. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511818882. ISBN 978-0-521-84866-4. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  • ↑ Weatherford, Jack (2004), Genghis khan and the making of the modern world, New York: Random House, p. 239, ISBN 0-609-80964-4
  • ↑ Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan. Ma Huan, Translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-Chün with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills. 1433. p. 138.
  • ↑ Yingya Shenglan. Ma Huan, Translated from the Chinese text edited by Feng Ch'eng-Chün with introduction, notes and appendices by J. V. G. Mills. 1970. p. 89.
  • ↑ "Kota Malang Masih Hadapi Permukiman Kumuh". Republika Online (in Indonesian). 10 February 2017. Archived from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  • ↑ "Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, Bahasa, 2010 (PDF)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  • ↑ "Madurese language". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
  • ↑ "PDRB Provinsi Jawa Timur Atas Dasar Harga Berlaku Menurut Lapangan Usaha (Sub Kategori) Tahun 2010–2016 (Milyar Rupiah)". jatim.bps.go.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.
  • 1 2 Peter Nas (2002). "Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, the Great Mail Road, Jalan Raya Pos" ( (PDF)). In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 158. pp. 707–725. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2007.
  • ↑ "Indonesia Railway Network and Logistics". GBG Indonesia. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  • ↑ (lyn/agf/rin/c6/oki) (8 September 2017). F. S., Miftakhul (ed.). "Jatim Provinsi dengan Bandara Terbanyak". www.jawapos.com (in Indonesian). JawaPos.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  • ↑ Statistics Indonesia. "Jumlah Perguruan Tinggi, Mahasiswa, dan Tenaga Edukatif (Negeri dan Swasta) di Bawah Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Menurut Provinsi tahun ajaran 2013/2014-2014/2015". www.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 17 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  • ↑ Academy, Himalayan. "Hinduism Today Magazine". www.hinduismtoday.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  • ↑ "East Java Foods & Fruits | East Java, Indonesia. A Tropical Paradise in The World". eastjava.com. 8 June 2012. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  • ↑ Contributor. "Indonesia Travel: Mealtime in Malang". DestinAsian. DestinAsian Media Group. Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  • ↑ Keenanthy. "Bisa Jadi Oleh-Oleh, 8 Jajanan Khas Madiun Ini Enaknya Pol!". IDN Times (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  • ↑ Rachmawati, Ira (25 December 2017). Prodjo, Wahyu Adityo (ed.). "7 Makanan Khas Banyuwangi, Siapkan Perut Anda! - Kompas.com". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Banyuwangi: Kompas Cyber Media. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  • ↑ "About Tour de East Java". Tour de East Java. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  • ↑ 市级友好城市 (in Chinese). wsb.sh.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.

  Bibliography

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  • Lukens-Bull, Ronald (2005). A Peaceful Jihad: Negotiating Identity and Modernity in Muslim Java. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6658-2.
  • (in Indonesian)