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Executable

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See also
References
External links

Program execution
General concepts
Code Translation Compiler Compile time Optimizing compiler Linking Execution Runtime system Executable Interpreter Virtual machine Intermediate representation (IR)
Types of code
Source code Object code Bytecode Machine code Microcode
Compilation strategies
Ahead-of-time (AOT) Just-in-time (JIT) Tracing just-in-time Compile and go system Precompilation Transcompilation Recompilation Meta-tracing
Notable runtimes
Android Runtime (ART) BEAM (Erlang) Common Language Runtime (CLR) and Mono CPython and PyPy crt0 (C target-specific initializer) Java virtual machine (JVM) LuaJIT Objective-C and Swift's V8 and Node.js Zend Engine (PHP)
Notable compilers & toolchains
GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) LLVM and Clang MSVC Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)
– such as Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) or Portable Executable (PE), depending on the computing context. The format may support segregating code into sections such as .text (executable code), .data (initialized global and static variables), and .rodata (read-only data, such as constants and strings). Executable files typically include a runtime system, which implements runtime language features (such as task scheduling, exception handling, calling static constructors and destructors, etc.) and interactions with the operating system, notably passing arguments, environment, and returning an exit status, together with other startup and shutdown features such as releasing resources like file handles. For C, this is done by linking in the crt0 object, which contains the actual entry point and does setup and shutdown by calling the runtime library. Executable files thus may contain significant code beyond that directly generated from the source code. In some cases, it is desirable to omit this, for example for embedded systems. In C, this can be done by omitting the usual runtime, and instead explicitly specifying a linker script, which generates the entry point and handles startup and shutdown, such as calling main to start and returning exit status to the kernel at the end. To be executable, a file must conform to the system's application binary interface (ABI). In simple interfaces, a file is executed by loading it into memory and jumping to the start of the address space and executing from there. In more complicated interfaces, executable files have additional metadata, which may specify relocations to be performed when the program is loaded, or the entry point address at which to start execution. See also edit Comparison of executable file formats Executable compression – Means of compressing an executable file Executable text – Code intended as a payload to exploit a software vulnerabilityPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Object file – File containing relocatable format machine code References edit <a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-Celovi_2022-1\" id=\"mwgg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwgw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwhA\">[</span>1<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwhQ\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt30\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwhg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Computer_2005\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Computer_2005-8\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-Computer_2005-8\" id=\"mwhw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwiA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwiQ\">[</span>8<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwig\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt33\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwiw\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Fisher_2019\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Fisher_2019-6\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-Fisher_2019-6\" id=\"mwjA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwjQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwjg\">[</span>6<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwjw\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt36\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwkA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"GFG_2015\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-GFG_2015-4\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-GFG_2015-4\" id=\"mwkQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwkg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwkw\">[</span>4<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwlA\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt39\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwlQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"LB_2019\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-LB_2019-5\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-LB_2019-5\" id=\"mwlg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwlw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwmA\">[</span>5<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwmQ\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt42\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwmg\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"McKellar_2010\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-McKellar_2010-7\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-McKellar_2010-7\" id=\"mwmw\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwnA\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwnQ\">[</span>7<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwng\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt45\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwnw\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Mueller_2007\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Mueller_2007-2\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-Mueller_2007-2\" id=\"mwoA\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwoQ\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwog\">[</span>2<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwow\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt48\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwpA\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"MW_2008\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-MW_2008-3\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-MW_2008-3\" id=\"mwpQ\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwpg\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwpw\">[</span>3<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwqA\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n<sup about=\"#mwt51\" class=\"mw-ref reference\" rel=\"dc:references\" typeof=\"mw:Extension/ref\" id=\"mwqQ\" data-mw='{\"name\":\"ref\",\"attrs\":{\"name\":\"Rusling_1999\"},\"body\":{\"id\":\"mw-reference-text-cite_note-Rusling_1999-9\"}}'><a href=\"./Executable#cite_note-Rusling_1999-9\" id=\"mwqg\"><span class=\"mw-reflink-text\" id=\"mwqw\"><span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwrA\">[</span>9<span class=\"cite-bracket\" id=\"mwrQ\">]</span></span></a></sup>\n"}}'> ↑ Celovi, Paul (2002). Embedded FreeBSD Cookbook. Elsevier. pp. 108, 187–188. ISBN 1-5899-5004-6. Retrieved 2022-03-06. ↑ Fisher, Tim. "List of Executable File Extensions". lifewire.com. Retrieved 2019-09-18. ↑ Rusling, David A. (1999). "Chapter 4 – Processes". The Linux Kernel. sec. 4.8.1 – ELF. Retrieved 2023-03-06. External links edit EXE File Format at What Is Executable and object file formats
a.out AIF COFF CMD COM ECOFF ELF GOFF Hunk Mach-O MZ NE OMF OS/360 PE PEF X XCOFF
Comparison of formats .exe

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