`rotate3d()` CSS function

Baseline Widely available

This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. Its been available across browsers since July 2015.

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The rotate3d() CSS function defines a transformation that rotates an element around a fixed axis in 3D space, without deforming it. Its result is a <transform-function> data type.

Try it

transform: rotate3d(0, 0, 0, 0);

transform: rotate3d(1, 1, 1, 45deg);

transform: rotate3d(2, -1, -1, -0.2turn);

transform: rotate3d(0, 1, 0.5, 3.142rad);

<section class="default-example" id="default-example">
  <div class="transition-all" id="example-element">
    <div class="face front">1</div>
    <div class="face back">2</div>
    <div class="face right">3</div>
    <div class="face left">4</div>
    <div class="face top">5</div>
    <div class="face bottom">6</div>
  </div>
</section>

#default-example {
  background: linear-gradient(skyblue, khaki);
  perspective: 550px;
}

#example-element {
  width: 100px;
  height: 100px;
  transform-style: preserve-3d;
}

.face {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  backface-visibility: inherit;
  font-size: 60px;
  color: white;
}

.front {
  background: rgb(90 90 90 / 0.7);
  transform: translateZ(50px);
}

.back {
  background: rgb(0 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(180deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.right {
  background: rgb(210 0 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.left {
  background: rgb(0 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateY(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.top {
  background: rgb(210 210 0 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

.bottom {
  background: rgb(210 0 210 / 0.7);
  transform: rotateX(-90deg) translateZ(50px);
}

In 3D space, rotations have three degrees of freedom, which together describe a single axis of rotation. The axis of rotation is defined by an [x, y, z] vector and pass by the origin (as defined by the transform-origin property). If, as specified, the vector is not normalized (i.e., if the sum of the square of its three coordinates is not 1), the user agent will normalize it internally. A non-normalizable vector, such as the null vector, [0, 0, 0], will cause the rotation to be ignored, but without invalidating the whole CSS property.

Note: Unlike rotations in the 2D plane, the composition of 3D rotations is usually not commutative. In other words, the order in which the rotations are applied impacts the result.

Syntax

css

rotate3d(x, y, z, a)

Values

x: Is a <number> describing the x-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
y: Is a <number> describing the y-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
z: Is a <number> describing the z-coordinate of the vector denoting the axis of rotation which can be a positive or negative number.
a: Is an <angle> representing the angle of the rotation. A positive angle denotes a clockwise rotation, a negative angle a counter-clockwise one.

Homogeneous coordinates on ^2
Cartesian coordinates on ^2	This transformation applies to the 3D space and can't be represented on the plane.
Cartesian coordinates on ^3	(1+(1cos(a))(x21)zsin(a)+xy(1cos(a))ysin(a)+xz(1cos(a))zsin(a)+xy(1cos(a))1+(1cos(a))(y21)xsin(a)+yz(1cos(a))ysin(a)+xz(1cos(a))xsin(a)+yz(1cos(a))1+(1cos(a))(z21))\begin{pmatrix}1 + (1 - \cos(a))(x^2 - 1) & z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & -y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a))\\-z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(y^2 - 1) & x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a))\\y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & -x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(z^2 - 1)\end{pmatrix}
Homogeneous coordinates on ^3	(1+(1cos(a))(x21)zsin(a)+xy(1cos(a))ysin(a)+xz(1cos(a))0zsin(a)+xy(1cos(a))1+(1cos(a))(y21)xsin(a)+yz(1cos(a))0ysin(a)+xz(1cos(a))xsin(a)+yz(1cos(a))1+(1cos(a))(z21)00001)\begin{pmatrix}1 + (1 - \cos(a))(x^2 - 1) & z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & -y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & 0\\-z\cdot \sin(a) + xy(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(y^2 - 1) & x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 0\\y\cdot \sin(a) + xz(1 - \cos(a)) & -x\cdot \sin(a) + yz(1 - \cos(a)) & 1 + (1 - \cos(a))(z^2 - 1) & 0\\0 & 0 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix}

Formal syntax

<rotate3d()> = 
  rotate3d( <number> , <number> , <number> , [ <angle> | <zero> ] )

This syntax reflects the latest standard as per CSS Transforms Module Level 2. Not all browsers may have implemented every part. See Browser compatibility for support information.

Examples

Rotating on the y-axis

HTML

html

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>

CSS

css

body {
  perspective: 800px;
}

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
  transform: rotate3d(0, 1, 0, 60deg);
  background-color: pink;
}

Result

Rotating on a custom axis

HTML

html

<div>Normal</div>
<div class="rotated">Rotated</div>

CSS

css

body {
  perspective: 800px;
}

div {
  width: 80px;
  height: 80px;
  background-color: skyblue;
}

.rotated {
  transform: rotate3d(1, 2, -1, 192deg);
  background-color: pink;
}

Result

Specifications

Specification
CSS Transforms Module Level 2 # funcdef-rotate3d

Browser compatibility

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`rotate3d()` CSS function

In this article

Try it

Syntax

Values

Formal syntax

Examples

Rotating on the y-axis

HTML

CSS

Result

Rotating on a custom axis

HTML

CSS

Result

Specifications

Browser compatibility

See also

Help improve MDN

rotate3d() CSS function

In this article

HTML

CSS

Result

HTML

CSS

Result

Help improve MDN

`rotate3d()` CSS function