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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.

# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.

# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.

# Translators:

# Stefan Ocetkiewicz <stefan.ocetkiewicz@gmail.com>, 2020

# Seweryn Pirkowski <seweryn.piorkowski@gmail.com>, 2020

# Maciej Olko <maciej.olko@gmail.com>, 2021

#, fuzzy

msgid ""

msgstr ""

"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.8\n"

"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"

"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-01-01 16:06+0000\n"

"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-05-30 11:54+0000\n"

"Last-Translator: Maciej Olko <maciej.olko@gmail.com>, 2021\n"

"Language-Team: Polish (https://www.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"

"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"

"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"

"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

"Language: pl\n"

"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : (n%10>=2 && n%10<=4) && "

"(n%100<12 || n%100>14) ? 1 : n!=1 && (n%10>=0 && n%10<=1) || (n%10>=5 && "

"n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n"

msgid "Descriptor HowTo Guide"

msgstr ""

msgid "Author"

msgstr "Autor"

msgid "Raymond Hettinger"

msgstr "Raymond Hettinger"

msgid "Contact"

msgstr ""

msgid "<python at rcn dot com>"

msgstr ""

msgid "Contents"

msgstr "Zawarto"

msgid "Abstract"

msgstr "Streszczenie"

msgid ""

"Defines descriptors, summarizes the protocol, and shows how descriptors are "

"called. Examines a custom descriptor and several built-in Python "

"descriptors including functions, properties, static methods, and class "

"methods. Shows how each works by giving a pure Python equivalent and a "

"sample application."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Learning about descriptors not only provides access to a larger toolset, it "

"creates a deeper understanding of how Python works and an appreciation for "

"the elegance of its design."

msgstr ""

msgid "Definition and Introduction"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"In general, a descriptor is an object attribute with \"binding behavior\", "

"one whose attribute access has been overridden by methods in the descriptor "

"protocol. Those methods are :meth:`__get__`, :meth:`__set__`, and :meth:"

"`__delete__`. If any of those methods are defined for an object, it is said "

"to be a descriptor."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The default behavior for attribute access is to get, set, or delete the "

"attribute from an object's dictionary. For instance, ``a.x`` has a lookup "

"chain starting with ``a.__dict__['x']``, then ``type(a).__dict__['x']``, and "

"continuing through the base classes of ``type(a)`` excluding metaclasses. If "

"the looked-up value is an object defining one of the descriptor methods, "

"then Python may override the default behavior and invoke the descriptor "

"method instead. Where this occurs in the precedence chain depends on which "

"descriptor methods were defined."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Descriptors are a powerful, general purpose protocol. They are the "

"mechanism behind properties, methods, static methods, class methods, and :"

"func:`super()`. They are used throughout Python itself to implement the new "

"style classes introduced in version 2.2. Descriptors simplify the "

"underlying C-code and offer a flexible set of new tools for everyday Python "

"programs."

msgstr ""

msgid "Descriptor Protocol"

msgstr ""

msgid "``descr.__get__(self, obj, type=None) -> value``"

msgstr ""

msgid "``descr.__set__(self, obj, value) -> None``"

msgstr ""

msgid "``descr.__delete__(self, obj) -> None``"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"That is all there is to it. Define any of these methods and an object is "

"considered a descriptor and can override default behavior upon being looked "

"up as an attribute."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"If an object defines :meth:`__set__` or :meth:`__delete__`, it is considered "

"a data descriptor. Descriptors that only define :meth:`__get__` are called "

"non-data descriptors (they are typically used for methods but other uses are "

"possible)."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Data and non-data descriptors differ in how overrides are calculated with "

"respect to entries in an instance's dictionary. If an instance's dictionary "

"has an entry with the same name as a data descriptor, the data descriptor "

"takes precedence. If an instance's dictionary has an entry with the same "

"name as a non-data descriptor, the dictionary entry takes precedence."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"To make a read-only data descriptor, define both :meth:`__get__` and :meth:"

"`__set__` with the :meth:`__set__` raising an :exc:`AttributeError` when "

"called. Defining the :meth:`__set__` method with an exception raising "

"placeholder is enough to make it a data descriptor."

msgstr ""

msgid "Invoking Descriptors"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"A descriptor can be called directly by its method name. For example, ``d."

"__get__(obj)``."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Alternatively, it is more common for a descriptor to be invoked "

"automatically upon attribute access. For example, ``obj.d`` looks up ``d`` "

"in the dictionary of ``obj``. If ``d`` defines the method :meth:`__get__`, "

"then ``d.__get__(obj)`` is invoked according to the precedence rules listed "

"below."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The details of invocation depend on whether ``obj`` is an object or a class."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"For objects, the machinery is in :meth:`object.__getattribute__` which "

"transforms ``b.x`` into ``type(b).__dict__['x'].__get__(b, type(b))``. The "

"implementation works through a precedence chain that gives data descriptors "

"priority over instance variables, instance variables priority over non-data "

"descriptors, and assigns lowest priority to :meth:`__getattr__` if provided. "

"The full C implementation can be found in :c:func:"

"`PyObject_GenericGetAttr()` in :source:`Objects/object.c`."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"For classes, the machinery is in :meth:`type.__getattribute__` which "

"transforms ``B.x`` into ``B.__dict__['x'].__get__(None, B)``. In pure "

"Python, it looks like::"

msgstr ""

msgid "The important points to remember are:"

msgstr ""

msgid "descriptors are invoked by the :meth:`__getattribute__` method"

msgstr ""

msgid "overriding :meth:`__getattribute__` prevents automatic descriptor calls"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

":meth:`object.__getattribute__` and :meth:`type.__getattribute__` make "

"different calls to :meth:`__get__`."

msgstr ""

msgid "data descriptors always override instance dictionaries."

msgstr ""

msgid "non-data descriptors may be overridden by instance dictionaries."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The object returned by ``super()`` also has a custom :meth:"

"`__getattribute__` method for invoking descriptors. The attribute lookup "

"``super(B, obj).m`` searches ``obj.__class__.__mro__`` for the base class "

"``A`` immediately following ``B`` and then returns ``A.__dict__['m']."

"__get__(obj, B)``. If not a descriptor, ``m`` is returned unchanged. If "

"not in the dictionary, ``m`` reverts to a search using :meth:`object."

"__getattribute__`."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The implementation details are in :c:func:`super_getattro()` in :source:"

"`Objects/typeobject.c`. and a pure Python equivalent can be found in "

"`Guido's Tutorial`_."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The details above show that the mechanism for descriptors is embedded in "

"the :meth:`__getattribute__()` methods for :class:`object`, :class:`type`, "

"and :func:`super`. Classes inherit this machinery when they derive from :"

"class:`object` or if they have a meta-class providing similar functionality. "

"Likewise, classes can turn-off descriptor invocation by overriding :meth:"

"`__getattribute__()`."

msgstr ""

msgid "Descriptor Example"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The following code creates a class whose objects are data descriptors which "

"print a message for each get or set. Overriding :meth:`__getattribute__` is "

"alternate approach that could do this for every attribute. However, this "

"descriptor is useful for monitoring just a few chosen attributes::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The protocol is simple and offers exciting possibilities. Several use cases "

"are so common that they have been packaged into individual function calls. "

"Properties, bound methods, static methods, and class methods are all based "

"on the descriptor protocol."

msgstr ""

msgid "Properties"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Calling :func:`property` is a succinct way of building a data descriptor "

"that triggers function calls upon access to an attribute. Its signature is::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The documentation shows a typical use to define a managed attribute ``x``::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"To see how :func:`property` is implemented in terms of the descriptor "

"protocol, here is a pure Python equivalent::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"The :func:`property` builtin helps whenever a user interface has granted "

"attribute access and then subsequent changes require the intervention of a "

"method."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"For instance, a spreadsheet class may grant access to a cell value through "

"``Cell('b10').value``. Subsequent improvements to the program require the "

"cell to be recalculated on every access; however, the programmer does not "

"want to affect existing client code accessing the attribute directly. The "

"solution is to wrap access to the value attribute in a property data "

"descriptor::"

msgstr ""

msgid "Functions and Methods"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Python's object oriented features are built upon a function based "

"environment. Using non-data descriptors, the two are merged seamlessly."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Class dictionaries store methods as functions. In a class definition, "

"methods are written using :keyword:`def` or :keyword:`lambda`, the usual "

"tools for creating functions. Methods only differ from regular functions in "

"that the first argument is reserved for the object instance. By Python "

"convention, the instance reference is called *self* but may be called *this* "

"or any other variable name."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"To support method calls, functions include the :meth:`__get__` method for "

"binding methods during attribute access. This means that all functions are "

"non-data descriptors which return bound methods when they are invoked from "

"an object. In pure Python, it works like this::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Running the interpreter shows how the function descriptor works in practice::"

msgstr ""

msgid "Static Methods and Class Methods"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Non-data descriptors provide a simple mechanism for variations on the usual "

"patterns of binding functions into methods."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"To recap, functions have a :meth:`__get__` method so that they can be "

"converted to a method when accessed as attributes. The non-data descriptor "

"transforms an ``obj.f(*args)`` call into ``f(obj, *args)``. Calling ``klass."

"f(*args)`` becomes ``f(*args)``."

msgstr ""

msgid "This chart summarizes the binding and its two most useful variants:"

msgstr ""

msgid "Transformation"

msgstr ""

msgid "Called from an Object"

msgstr ""

msgid "Called from a Class"

msgstr ""

msgid "function"

msgstr ""

msgid "f(obj, \\*args)"

msgstr ""

msgid "f(\\*args)"

msgstr ""

msgid "staticmethod"

msgstr ""

msgid "classmethod"

msgstr ""

msgid "f(type(obj), \\*args)"

msgstr ""

msgid "f(klass, \\*args)"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Static methods return the underlying function without changes. Calling "

"either ``c.f`` or ``C.f`` is the equivalent of a direct lookup into ``object."

"__getattribute__(c, \"f\")`` or ``object.__getattribute__(C, \"f\")``. As a "

"result, the function becomes identically accessible from either an object or "

"a class."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Good candidates for static methods are methods that do not reference the "

"``self`` variable."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"For instance, a statistics package may include a container class for "

"experimental data. The class provides normal methods for computing the "

"average, mean, median, and other descriptive statistics that depend on the "

"data. However, there may be useful functions which are conceptually related "

"but do not depend on the data. For instance, ``erf(x)`` is handy conversion "

"routine that comes up in statistical work but does not directly depend on a "

"particular dataset. It can be called either from an object or the class: "

"``s.erf(1.5) --> .9332`` or ``Sample.erf(1.5) --> .9332``."

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Since staticmethods return the underlying function with no changes, the "

"example calls are unexciting::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Using the non-data descriptor protocol, a pure Python version of :func:"

"`staticmethod` would look like this::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Unlike static methods, class methods prepend the class reference to the "

"argument list before calling the function. This format is the same for "

"whether the caller is an object or a class::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"This behavior is useful whenever the function only needs to have a class "

"reference and does not care about any underlying data. One use for "

"classmethods is to create alternate class constructors. In Python 2.3, the "

"classmethod :func:`dict.fromkeys` creates a new dictionary from a list of "

"keys. The pure Python equivalent is::"

msgstr ""

msgid "Now a new dictionary of unique keys can be constructed like this::"

msgstr ""

msgid ""

"Using the non-data descriptor protocol, a pure Python version of :func:"

"`classmethod` would look like this::"

msgstr ""

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