std::nested_exception

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <exception>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>

//    .    ,
//     ,   
void print_exception(const std::exception& e, int level =  0)
{
    std::cerr << std::string(level, ' ') << ": " << e.what() << '\n';
    try {
        std::rethrow_if_nested(e);
    } catch(const std::exception& nestedException) {
        print_exception(nestedException, level+1);
    } catch(...) {}
}

//  ,         
void open_file(const std::string& s)
{
    try {
        std::ifstream file(s);
        file.exceptions(std::ios_base::failbit);
    } catch(...) {
        std::throw_with_nested( std::runtime_error("   " + s) );
    }
}

//  ,         
void run()
{
    try {
        open_file("nonexistent.file");
    } catch(...) {
        std::throw_with_nested( std::runtime_error(" run()") );
    }
}

//        
int main()
{
    try {
        run();
    } catch(const std::exception& e) {
        print_exception(e);
    }
}