Viewing: ru.cppreference.com

++

if

switch

()

for
`for` (C++11)

while
`do-while`

continue - break

goto - return

-

inline

( C++17*)

noexcept (C++11)

throw

try-catch

/

decltype (C++11)
auto (C++11)
alignas (C++11)

`const`/`volatile`
constexpr (C++11)


(C++11)

- -

- - nullptr (C++11)

(C++11)

Types

typedef

(C++11)

Casts

-

static_cast - dynamic_cast

const_cast - reinterpret_cast

new

delete



`this`


`friend`


`override` (C++11)
`final` (C++11)

explicit (C++11)
static

-



(C++11)


(C++11)


(C++11)

C++

[edit]

(lvalue, rvalue, xvalue)

( )

-(C++11)

,

(C++11)

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

`a=b`, `a+=b`, `a-=b`, `a*=b`, `a/=b`, `a%=b`, `a&=b`, `a\|=b`, `a^=b`, `a<<=b`, `a>>=b`
`++a`, `--a`, `a++`, `a--`
`+a`, `-a`, `a+b`, `a-b`, `a*b`, `a/b`, `a%b`, `~a`, `a&b`, `a\|b`, `a^b`, `a<<b`, `a>>b`
`a\|\|b`, `a&&b`, `!a`
`a==b`, `a!=b`, `a<b`, `a>b`, `a<=b`, `a>=b`, `a<=>b` ( C++20)
`a[b]`, `a`, `&a`, `a->b`, `a.b`, `a->b`, `a.*b`
`a(...)`, `a,b`, `a?b:c`

new

delete

throw

alignof

sizeof

sizeof...(C++11)

typeid

noexcept(C++11)

(C++17)

(C++20)

: (T)a, T(a), auto(a), auto{a} ( C++23)

[edit]


`"`-s- ()`"`	(1)

`R"`-d- ()`(`-r- ()`)`-d- ()`"`	(2)	( C++11)

`L"`-s- ()`"`	(3)

`LR"`-d- ()`(`-r- ()`)`-d- ()`"`	(4)	( C++11)

`u8"`-s- ()`"`	(5)	( C++11)

`u8R"`-d- ()`(`-r- ()`)`-d- ()`"`	(6)	( C++11)

`u"`-s- ()`"`	(7)	( C++11)

`uR"`-d- ()`(`-r- ()`)`-d- ()`"`	(8)	( C++11)

`U"`-s- ()`"`	(9)	( C++11)

`UR"`-d- ()`(`-r- ()`)`-d- ()`"`	(10)	( C++11)

-s-		s-
s-		-s- , ,
-s-		, `"`, `\`
-d-		d- 16
d-		, ,
-r-		r- , , `)`-d-`"`
r-

(1,2) const char[N]

(3,4) const wchar_t[N]

(5,6)

UTF-8

`const char[N]`	( C++20)
`const char8_t[N]`	( C++20)

UTF-8

(7,8) UTF-16 const char16_t[N] UTF-16

(9,10) UTF-32 const char32_t[N] UTF-32

, , N , .

UTF-8 ( C++11) .

. , .

.

bool b = "bar" == 3 + "foobar"; //   true  false,  

const char* pc = "";
char* p = const_cast<char*>(pc);
p[0] = 'M'; //

, R ( (2,4,6,8,10)). , - -d- ( )-d- . -d- , -d-.

// OK:     ,
//  "\\"
R"(\)";

// OK:    \n,
//  "\\n\\n\\n\\n"
R"(\n\n\n\n)";

// OK:    ,   
//    ,
//  ")\"\"("
R"-()""()-";

// OK:  "\n)\\\na\"\"\n"
R"a(
)\
a""
)a";

// OK:  "x = \"\"\\y\"\""
R"(x = ""\y"")";

// R"<<(-_-)>>"; // :      
// R"-()-"-()-"; // : )-"

( C++11)

, s- r- ( C++11) (U+0000) :

1) -s- , r- , ( C++11) , , , , , . , .

, , , , .

2) v , , , T ( ):

v T, v.
, (1) (3), ( C++11) v T, T, $v \bmod 2^S$ $v mod 2 S$ , S T.
.

, .

3) .

, , , .

, , 6 ( ). "," " !" () ", !". ( ), ( ).

, , , , , , .

L"x = %" PRId16 //   4, PRId16   "d"
                 //   6, L"x = %"  "d"  L"x = %d"

UTF-8 , .

( C++11)

, . ( .)	( C++11) ( C++23)
.	( C++23)

, :

static_assert ( C++11)
( C++11)
[[deprecated]] ( C++14)
[[nodiscard]] ( C++20)

, ( , ) ( C++11).

( C++26)

.

, . , , .

( C++26)

. char str[] = "foo";, str "foo".

`char` `wchar_t` C, `char[N]` `wchar_t[N]`. .	( C++11)
`CharT*`. , (, `const_cast`).	( C++11)

, : , , .

const char* p = "abc\0def"; // std::strlen(p) == 3,     8

, . :

//const char* p = "\xfff"; // :   
                           //  
const char* p = "\xff""f"; // OK:   const char[3],  {'\xff','f','\0'}


`__cpp_char8_t`	`202207L`	(C++20)	`char8_t` ( (`unsigned`) `char` UTF-8)
`__cpp_raw_strings`	`200710L`	(C++11)
`__cpp_unicode_literals`	`200710L`	(C++11)

#include <iostream>

char array1[] = "Foo" "bar";
//  ,  
char array2[] = { 'F', 'o', 'o', 'b', 'a', 'r', '\0' };

const char* s1 = R"foo(

  
)foo";
//  ,  
const char* s2 = "\n\n  \n";
//  ,  
const char* s3 = "\n"
                 "\n"
                 "  \n";

const wchar_t* s4 = L"ABC" L"DEF"; // ok,  ,  
const wchar_t* s5 = L"ABCDEF";
const char32_t* s6 = U"GHI" "JKL"; // ok,  ,  
const char32_t* s7 = U"GHIJKL";
const char16_t* s9 = "MN" u"OP" "QR"; // ok,  ,  
const char16_t* sA = u"MNOPQR";

// const auto* sB = u"" U"";
        //  C++23     
        // ;    C++23

const wchar_t* sC = LR"--(STUV)--"; // ok,   

int main()
{
    std::cout << array1 << ' ' << array2 << '\n'
              << s1 << s2 << s3 << std::endl;
    std::wcout << s4 << ' ' << s5 << ' ' << sC
               << std::endl;
}

:

Foobar Foobar


  


  


  

ABCDEF ABCDEF STUV

C++:


CWG 411	C++98
CWG 1656	C++98	, ,
CWG 1759	C++11	UTF-8 , `char`	`char` UTF-8
CWG 1823	C++98	,	,
CWG 2333	C++11	, UTF-8/16/32
WG	C++98
WG	C++98	1. , 2. , , , ,	1. [1] 2. , ,

P1854R4 DR, .

C++23 (ISO/IEC 14882:2023):

5.13.5 [lex.string]

C++20 (ISO/IEC 14882:2020):

5.13.5 [lex.string]

C++17 (ISO/IEC 14882:2017):

5.13.5 [lex.string]

C++14 (ISO/IEC 14882:2014):

2.14.5 [lex.string]

C++11 (ISO/IEC 14882:2011):

2.14.5 [lex.string]

C++03 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003):

2.13.4 [lex.string]

C++98 (ISO/IEC 14882:1998):

2.13.4 [lex.string]

(C++11)	[]
C

[1] P1854R4 DR, .